Portrait of Turlough Carolan, from R.B. Armstrong "The Irish and Highland Harps", Edinburgh, David Douglas, 1904.

Turlough Carolan^[1] (Irish name Toirdhealbhach Ó Cearbhalláin, 1670 - March 25, 1738) was a blind, itinerant early Irish harper, composer and singer whose great fame is due to his gift for melodic composition. He was the last great Irish harper-composer and is considered by many to be Ireland's national composer. Harpers in the old Irish tradition were still living as late as 1792, as ten, including Arthur O'Neill, Patrick Quin and Denis O'Hampsey, showed up at the Belfast Harp Festival, but there is no proof of any of these being composers. Some of Carolan's own compositions show influence from the style of continental classical music, whereas others such as Carolan's Farewell to Music reflect a much older style of "Gaelic Harping".

Biography

Carolan was born near Nobber, County Meath, and moved with his family, probably when he was a teenager, to Ballyfarnan, County Roscommon, where his father took a job with the MacDermott Roe family. Mrs. MacDermott Roe gave him an education, and he showed talent in poetry. After being blinded by smallpox, perhaps at the age of eighteen, Carolan was taught the harp for three years. Then, being given a horse and a guide, he set out to travel Ireland and compose songs for patrons. For almost fifty years, Carolan journeyed from one end of the country to the other, composing and performing his tunes.

Carolan is buried in the village of Keadue, County Roscommon, where the annual O'Carolan Harp Festival and Summer School commemorates his life and work.

Work

Carolan as depicted on the £50 note, Series B Banknote of Ireland.

Carolan composed both songs and instrumental harp music. All his songs were composed in Irish, bar one in English. Most were dedicated to and about specific individuals, many do not survive whole and what lyrics survive have only been published in part. His lyrics are rarely learned and their worth has been questioned, whereas many of his tunes are widely performed and appreciated. Carolan's musical style shows a mix of traditional harp music and classical elements. His style of composition consisted of composing the tune first as he rode from place to place, then adding the words later. Many of the tunes attributed to him are older traditional melodies which he improved or lengthened. He frequently wrote works, which he called "planxties", in honor of some person. It is said that weddings and funerals were often delayed until he could arrive to perform. His music was first published in Neale's A Collection of the Most Celebrated Irish Tunes ... in Dublin, c.1726. At least 220 tunes which survive to this day are attributed to him, though most were not published or even written down in his lifetime; they survived in the repertories of fiddlers, pipers and the last of the old Irish harpers and were collected and published piecemeal in the late 18th and 19th centuries. Only in 1958 was his entire repertoire published in one edition by Donal O'Sullivan, and even then few lyrics were given and some of the tunes were edited to make them fit the treble register. A definitive and comprehensive edition of harp settings matched with the words of the songs has yet to be produced although a number of song settings appeared in The Bunting Collection of Irish Folk Music and Song by Donal O'Sullivan.

Some of his compositions are performed by many popular Irish musicians, such as Planxty, The Chieftains and The Dubliners. In addition, Carolan's Concerto has been used as a neutral Slow March by the Foot Guards of the British Army during the ceremony of Trooping the Colour.

Notable Compositions

• "Carolan's Concerto"
• "Carolan's Draught"
• "Carolan's Receipt (Dr. John Stafford)"
• "Carolan's Welcome"
• "Carolan's Ramble to Cashel"
• "Dr. John Hart, Bishop of Achonry"
• "Eleanor Plunkett"
• "Fanny Power"
• "George Brabazon"
• "Hewlett"
• "John O'Connor"
• "Mrs Mc Dermott" (alternatively known as "Princess Royal")
• "Lord Inchiquin"
• "Planxty Irwin"
• "Sí Bheag, Sí Mhór"

Compositions

Complete lis (alphabetical order)

References

1. ^ According to the 5th edition of Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians, the version "O'Carolan" is "modern and lacks authority"

• Dónal O'Sullivan, Carolan - The Life, Times, and Music of an Irish Harper (1958)
• Art Edelstein, "Fair Melodies: Turlough Carolan; An Irish Harper" (2001)
• The first commercial recording of the Complete Works has been arranged and performed by Irish pianist: J.J. Sheridan (from Trigon Recordings)

External links

• Recording of O'Carolan's tunes by Garlic Bread and french baroque ensemble "Le concert de l'Hostel Dieu"
• The Complete Carolan: all Carolan's 227 tunes arranged in open tunings for the guitar
• Carolan: pages on his life, his tunes, his songs, his harp, with audio files
• Turlough O'Carolan: Irish Harper
• Turlough O'Carolan 1670-1738
• Complete Works of Turlough O'Carolan (musical scores)
• Carolan Fragment: one of the early sources described
• Gaelic harp keys (web article with suggested original keys of all Carolan's tunes)
•   "Torlogh O'Carolan". Catholic Encyclopedia. (1913). New York: Robert Appleton Company. 
• The first complete recording of the Complete Works of Carolan has been recorded and arranged by Irish pianist, J.J. Sheridan

See also

• Music of Ireland
• List of people on stamps of Ireland