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Table of Chinese monarchs 

This article contains Chinese text.
Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters.

The following list of Chinese monarchs is in no way inclusive. From the Shang Dynasty to the Qin Dynasty, rulers usually held the title King (Chinese: 王 Wáng). With the division of China into separate Warring States, this title had become so common that the unifier of China, the first Qin Emperor Qin Shi Huang created a new title for himself, that of Emperor (皇帝 Huángdì). This title of Emperor of China continued to be used for the remainder of China's Imperial history, right down to the fall of the Qing Dynasty in 1912. While many other monarchs existed in and around China throughout its history, this list covers only those with a quasi-legitimate claim to the majority of China, or those who have traditionally been named in kings lists.

Chinese monarchs were known by many different names, and how they should be identified is often confusing. Sometimes the same emperor is commonly known by two or three separate names, or the same name is used by emperors of different dynasties. The tables below do not necessarily include all of an emperor's names - for example, posthumous names could run to more than twenty characters and were rarely used in historical writing - but where possible the most commonly used name or naming convention has been indicated.

These tables may not necessarily represent the most recently updated information on Chinese monarchs; please check the page for the relevant dynasty for possible additional information.

Contents

3 Sovereigns & 5 Emperors Period

Posthumous Name
 Personal Name
 Years of Reign
Fuxi Fuxi 2852 - 2737 BC
Yan Di Shennong 2737 - 2699 BC
Huang Di Gongsun or

Ji

 2699 - 2588 BC
Shaohao 2587 - 2491 BC
Zhuanxu Gaoyang 2490 - 2413 BC


Ku or Diku 2412 - 2343 BC


Tang Yao or

Yaotang-shi

 2333 - 2234 BC


Shun Youyu-shi 2233 - 2184 BC
Yu Rong Yu 2183 - 2177 BC

Xia Dynasty

Ca. 2070 - 1600 BC1

Reign name² Notes Name by which most commonly known
Yǔ 禹 Also known as: Dà Yǔ, 大禹 Yu
Qǐ 啟 Son of Yǔ: beginning of hereditary succession Qi
Tài Kāng 太康 　 Tai Kang
Zhòng Kāng 仲康 　 Zhong Kang
Xiāng 相 　 Xiang
Shào Kāng 少康 　 Shao Kang
Zhù 杼 　 Zhu
Huái 槐 　 Huai
Máng 芒 　 Mang
Xie 泄 　 Xie
Bù Jiàng 不降 　 Bu Jiang
Jiōng 扃 　 Jiong
Jǐn 廑 　 Jin
Kǒng Jiǎ 孔甲 　 Kong Jia
Gāo 皋 　 Gao
Fā 發 　 Fa
Jié 桀 Also known as: Lǚ Gǔi, 履癸 Jie
1 The first generally accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC. All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute. The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia Shang Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide.
2 The reign name is sometimes preceded by the name of the dynasty, Xià (夏), for example Xià Yǔ (夏禹).

Shang Dynasty

Ca. 1600 - 1046 BC1

Personal name Reign name² Temple name³ Reign years1 Name by which most commonly known
Zi Lü
子履		 Tang
湯		 　 1600 - 1300 BC Tang
Zi Sheng
子勝		 Wai Bing
外丙		 　 Wai Bing
Zi Yong
子庸　		 Zhong Ren
仲壬		 　 Zhong Ren
Zi Zhi
子至		 Tai Jia
太甲		 　 Tai Jia
Zi Xun
子绚		 Wo Ding
沃丁		 　 Wo Ding
Zi Bian
子辨		 Tai Geng
太庚		 　 Tai Geng
Zi Gao
子高		 Xiao Jia
小甲		 　 Xiao Jia
Zi Dian 子佃
or Zi Zhou 子伷		 Yong Ji
雍己		 　 Yong Ji
Zi Mi 子密
or Zi Zhou 子伷		 Tai Wu
太戊		 　 Tai Wu
Zi Zhuang 子庄 Zhong Ding
仲丁		 　 Zhong Ding
Zi Fa
子发		 Wai Ren
外壬		 　 Wai Ren
Zi Zheng
子整		 He Dan Jia
河亶甲		 　 He Dan Jia
Zi Teng
子滕		 Zu Yi
祖乙		 Zhong Zong
中宗		 Zu Yi
Zi Dan
子旦		 Zu Xin
祖辛		 　 Zu Xin
Zi Yu
子逾		 Wo Jia
沃甲		 　 Wo Jia
Zi Xin
子新　		 Zu Ding
祖丁		 　 Zu Ding
Zi Geng
子更		 Nan Geng
南庚		 　 Nan Geng
Zi He
子和		 Yang Jia
陽甲		 　 Yang Jia
Zi Xun
子旬		 Pan Geng
盤庚		 　 1300 - 1251 BC Pan Geng4
Zi Song
子颂		 Xiao Xin
小辛		 　 Xiao Xin
Zi Lian
子敛		 Xiao Yi
小乙		 　 Xiao Yi
Zi Zhao
子昭		 Wu Ding
武丁		 Gao Zong
高宗		 1250 - 1192 BC Wu Ding
Zi Yao
子曜		 Zu Geng
祖庚		 　 1191 - 1148 BC Zu Geng
　 Zu Jia
祖甲		 　 Zu Jia
　 Lin Xin
廩辛		 　 Lin Xin
Zi Xiao
子嚣		 Geng Ding
庚丁		 Kang Ding
康丁		 Kang Ding
Zi Qu
子瞿		 Wu Yi
武乙		 　 1147 - 1113 BC Wu Yi
Zi Tuo
子托		 Wen Ding5
文丁		 　 1112 - 1102 BC Wen Ding
Zi Xian
子羡		 Di Yi
帝乙		 　 1101 - 1076 BC Di Yi
Zi Shou
子受		 Di Xin
帝辛		 　 1075 - 1046 BC Di Xin
'1 The first generally accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC. All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute. The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia Shang Zhou Chronology Project', the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide.
2 The reign name is sometimes preceded by the name of the dynasty, Shang (商), for example Shang Tang (商湯).
3 The name used in the oracle bone inscription records of ancestral sacrifice.
4 The period of the Shang dynasty starting from Pan Geng is also frequently referred to as the Yin (殷) dynasty. because he changed capital to Yin.
5 Also known as Tai Ding (太丁).

Zhou Dynasty

Mid 11th century BC - 256 BC, traditionally divided into:

Personal name Posthumous name Reign years1 Name by which most commonly known
Ji Fa
姬發		 Wuwang
武王		 1046 - 1043 BC1 Zhou Wuwang
(King Wu of Zhou)
Ji Song
姬誦		 Chengwang
成王		 1042 - 1021 BC1 Zhou Chengwang
(King Cheng of Zhou)
Ji Zhao
姬釗		 Kangwang
康王		 1020 - 996 BC1 Zhou Kangwang
(King Kang of Zhou)
Ji Xia
姬瑕		 Zhaowang
昭王		 995 - 977 BC1 Zhou Zhaowang
(King Zhao of Zhou)
Ji Man
姬滿		 Muwang
穆王		 976 - 922 BC1 Zhou Muwang
(King Mu of Zhou)
Ji Yihu
姬繄扈		 Gongwang
共王		 922 - 900 BC1 Zhou Gongwang
(King Gong of Zhou)
Ji Jian
姬囏		 Yiwang
懿王		 899 - 892 BC1 Zhou Yiwang
(King Yi of Zhou)
Ji Pifang
姬辟方		 Xiaowang
孝王		 891 - 886 BC1 Zhou Xiaowang
(King Xiao of Zhou)
Ji Xie
姬燮		 Yiwang
夷王		 885 - 878 BC1 Zhou Yiwang
(King Yi of Zhou)
Ji Hu
姬胡		 Liwang
厲王		 877 - 841 BC1 Zhou Liwang
(King Li of Zhou)
　 Gonghe (regency)
共和		 841 - 828 BC Gonghe
Ji Jing
姬靜		 Xuanwang
宣王		 827 - 782 BC Zhou Xuanwang
(King Xuan of Zhou)
Ji Gongsheng
姬宮湦		 Youwang
幽王		 781 - 771 BC Zhou Youwang
(King You of Zhou)
Ji Yijiu
姬宜臼		 Pingwang
平王		 770 - 720 BC Zhou Pingwang
(King Ping of Zhou)
Ji Lin
姬林		 Huanwang
桓王		 719 - 697 BC Zhou Huanwang
(King Huan of Zhou)
Ji Tuo
姬佗		 Zhuangwang
莊王		 696 - 682 BC Zhou Zhuangwang
(King Zhuang of Zhou)
Ji Huqi
姬胡齊		 Xiwang
釐王		 681 - 677 BC Zhou Xiwang
(King Xi of Zhou)
Ji Lang
姬閬		 Huiwang
惠王		 676 - 652 BC Zhou Huiwang
(King Hui I of Zhou)
Ji Zheng
姬鄭		 Xiangwang
襄王		 651 - 619 BC Zhou Xiangwang
(King Xiang of Zhou)
Ji Renchen
姬壬臣		 Qingwang
頃王		 618 - 613 BC Zhou Qingwang
(King Qing of Zhou)
Ji Ban
姬班		 Kuangwang
匡王		 612 - 607 BC Zhou Kuangwang
(King Kuang of Zhou)
Ji Yu
姬瑜		 Dingwang
定王		 606 - 586 BC Zhou Dingwang
(King Ding of Zhou)
Ji Yi
姬夷		 Jianwang
簡王		 585 - 572 BC Zhou Jianwang
(King Jian of Zhou)
Ji Xiexin
姬泄心		 Lingwang
靈王		 571 - 545 BC Zhou Lingwang
(King Ling of Zhou)
Ji Gui
姬貴		 Jingwang
景王		 544 - 521 BC Zhou Jingwang
(King Jing of Zhou)
Ji Meng
姬猛		 Daowang
悼王		 520 BC Zhou Daowang
(King Dao of Zhou)
Ji Gai
姬丐		 Jingwang
敬王		 519 - 476 BC Zhou Jingwang
(King Jing of Zhou)
Ji Ren
姬仁		 Yuanwang
元王		 475 - 469 BC Zhou Yuanwang
(King Yuan of Zhou)
Ji Jie
姬介		 Zhendingwang
貞定王		 468 - 442 BC Zhou Zhendingwang
(King Zhending of Zhou)
Ji Quji
姬去疾		 Aiwang
哀王		 441 BC Zhou Aiwang
(King Ai of Zhou)
Ji Shu
姬叔		 Siwang
思王		 441 BC Zhou Siwang
(King Si of Zhou)
Ji Wei
姬嵬		 Kaowang
考王		 440 - 426 BC Zhou Kaowang
(King Kao of Zhou)
Ji Wu
姬午		 Weiliewang
威烈王		 425 - 402 BC Zhou Weiliewang
(King Weilie of Zhou)
Ji Jiao
姬驕		 Anwang
安王		 401 - 376 BC Zhou Anwang
(King An of Zhou)
Ji Xi
姬喜		 Liewang
烈王		 375 - 369 BC Zhou Liewang
(King Lie of Zhou)
Ji Bian
姬扁		 Xianwang
顯王		 368 - 321 BC Zhou Xianwang
(King Xian of Zhou)
Ji Ding
姬定		 Shenjingwang
慎靚王		 320 - 315 BC Zhou Shenjingwang
(King Shenjing of Zhou)
Ji Yan
姬延		 Nanwang
赧王		 314 - 256 BC Zhou Nanwang
(King Nan of Zhou)
　 Huiwang
惠王		 255 - 249 BC Zhou Huiwang²
(King Hui II of Zhou)
1 The first generally accepted date in Chinese history is 841 BC, the beginning of the Gonghe regency. All dates prior to this are the subject of often vigorous dispute. The dates provided here are those put forward by The Xia Shang Zhou Chronology Project, the work of scholars sponsored by the Chinese government which reported in 2000. They are given only as a guide.
2 Nobles of the Ji family proclaimed King Hui as King Nan's successor after their capital, Luoyang, fell to Qin forces in 256 BC. However Zhou resistance did not last long in the face of the Qin advance and so King Nan is widely considered to have been the last emperor of the Zhou dynasty.

Qin Dynasty

Sovereigns of the Qin Dynasty 221 - 207 BC
Posthumous Names ( Shì Hào 諡號) Personal Names Period of Reigns
Convention: "Qin" + posthumous name
Note: King Zhaoxiang of Qin (秦昭襄王, Qín Zhāoxiāng Wáng) had already been ruling Qin for 51 years when the Qin state annihilated the Zhou Dynasty; however, the other six warring states were still independent regimes. Historiographers thus used the next year (the 52nd year of Qin Zhaoshang Wang) as the official continuation from the Zhou Dynasty, therefore, so should we. Qin Shi Huang was the first Chinese sovereign proclaiming himself "Emperor".
始皇帝 Shǐ Huángdì 嬴政 Yíng Zhèng 246 - 210 BC
二世皇帝 Èr Shì Huángdì 嬴胡亥 Yíng Húhài 209 - 207 BC
Ziying can be referred to using either his personal name or Qín Wáng Ziyīng (秦王子嬰)
三世皇帝 嬴子嬰 Yíng Ziyīng 207 BC

Han Dynasty

Han Dynasty Sovereigns
Posthumous Name Personal Name Period of Reign Era Name Range of years
Convention: "Han" + posthumous name, excepting Liu Gong, Liu Hong, Ruzi Ying, the Prince of Changyi, the Marquess of Beixiang, and the Prince of Hongnong.
Western Han Dynasty 206 – 9 AD
Gao Zu
高帝		 Liu Bang
劉邦		 206 – 195 BC Did not exist
Hui Di
惠帝		 Liu Ying
劉盈		 194 – 188 BC Did not exist
Shao Di (Shao Di Gong)
少帝		 Liu Gong
劉恭		 188 – 184 BC Did not exist
Shao Di (Shao Di Hong)
少帝		 Liu Hong
劉弘		 184 – 180 BC Did not exist
Wen Di
文帝		 Liu Heng
劉恆		 179 – 157 BC Hòuyuán (後元) 163 – 156 BC
Jing Di
景帝		 Liu Qi
劉啟		 156 – 141 BC Zhōngyuán (中元)
Hòuyuán (後元)		 149 – 143 BC
143 – 141 BC
Wu Di
武帝		 Liu Che
劉徹		 140 – 87 BC Jiànyuán (建元)

Yuánguāng(元光)
Yuánshuò (元朔)
Yuánshòu (元狩)
Yuándǐng (元鼎)
Yuánfēng (元封)
Tàichū (太初)
Tiānhàn (天漢)
Tàishǐ (太始)
Zhēnghé (征和)

Hòuyuán (後元)		 140 – 135 BC

134 – 129 BC
128 – 123 BC
122 – 117 BC
116 – 111 BC
110 – 105 BC
104 – 101 BC
100 – 97 BC
96 – 93 BC
92 BC – 89 BC

88 – 87 BC
Zhao Di
昭帝		 Liu Fuling
劉弗陵		 86 – 74 BC Shǐyuán (始元)

Yuánfèng (元鳳)

Yuánpíng (元平)		 86 – 80 BC

80 – 75 BC

74 BC
The Prince of Changyi
昌邑王 or 海昏侯		 Liu He
劉賀		 74 BC Yuánpíng (元平) 74 BC
Xuan Di
宣帝		 Liu Xun
劉詢		 73 – 49 BC Běnshǐ (本始)

Dìjié (地節)
Yuánkāng (元康)
Shénjué (神爵)
Wǔfèng (五鳳)
Gānlù (甘露)

Huánglóng (黃龍)		 73 BC – 70 BC

69 – 66 BC
65 – 61 BC
61 – 58 BC
57 – 54 BC
53 – 50 BC

49 BC
Yuan Di
元帝		 Liu Shi
劉奭		 48 – 33 BC Chūyuán (初元)

Yǒngguāng (永光)
Jiànzhāo (建昭)

Jìngníng (竟寧)		 48 – 44 BC

43 – 39 BC
38 – 34 BC

33 BC
Cheng Di
成帝		 Liu Ao
劉驁		 32 – 7 BC Jiànshǐ (建始)

Hépíng (河平)
Yángshuò (陽朔)
Hóngjiā (鴻嘉)
Yǒngshǐ (永始)
Yuányán (元延n2)

Suīhé (綏和)		 32 – 28 BC

28 – 25 BC
24 – 21 BC
20 – 17 BC
16 – 13 BC
12 – 9 BC

8 – 7 BC
Ai Di
哀帝		 Liu Xin
劉欣		 6 – 1 BC Jiànpíng (建平)
Yuánshòu (元壽)		 6 – 3 BC
2 – 1 BC
Ping Di
平帝		 Liu Kan
劉衎		 1 BC – 5 AD Yuánshǐ (元始) 1 BC – 5 AD
Ruzi Ying
孺子嬰		 Liu Ying
劉嬰		 6 – 8 Jùshè (居攝)
Chūshǐ (初始)		 6 – October 8
November 8 – December 8
Xin Dynasty (AD 9–23)
Xin Dynasty of Wang Mang (王莽) 9 – 23 Shǐjiànguó (始建國)

Tiānfēng (天鳳)

Dìhuáng (地皇)		 9 – 13

14 – 19

20 – 23
Continuation of Han Dynasty
Geng Shi Di
更始帝		 Liu Xuan
劉玄		 23 – 25 Gēngshǐ (更始) 23 – 25
Eastern Han Dynasty 25 – 220
Guang Wu Di
光武帝		 Liu Xiu
劉秀		 25 – 57 Jiànwǔ (建武)
Jiànwǔzhongōyuán (建武中元)		 25 – 56
56 – 57
Ming Di
明帝		 Liu Zhuang
劉莊		 58 – 75 Yǒngpíng (永平) 58 – 75
Zhang Di
章帝		 Liu Da
劉炟		 76 – 88 Jiànchū (建初)

Yuánhé (元和)

Zhānghé (章和)		 76 – 84

84 – 87

87 – 88
He Di
和帝		 Liu Zhao
劉肇		 89 – 105 Yǒngyuán (永元)
Yuánxīng (元興)		 89 – 105
105
Shang Di
殤帝		 Liu Long
劉隆		 106 Yánpíng (延平) 9 months in 106
An Di
安帝		 Liu Hu
劉祜		 106 – 125 Yǒngchū (永初)

Yuánchū (元初)
Yǒngníng (永寧)
Jiànguāng (建光)

Yánguāng (延光)		 107 – 113

114 – 120
120 – 121
121 – 122

122 – 125
Shao Di, the Marquess of Beixiang
少帝 or 北鄉侯		 Liu Yi
劉懿		 125 Yánguāng (延光) 125
Shun Di
順帝		 Liu Bao
劉保		 125 – 144 Yǒngjiàn (永建)

Yángjiā (陽嘉)
Yǒnghé (永和)
Hàn'ān (漢安)

Jiànkāng (建康)		 126 – 132

132 – 135
136 – 141
142 – 144

144
Chong Di
沖帝		 Liu Bing
劉炳		 144 – 145 Yōngxī (永嘉) 145
Zhi Di
質帝		 Liu Zuan
劉纘		 145 – 146 Běnchū (本初) 146
Huan Di
桓帝		 Liu Zhi
劉志		 146 – 168 Jiànhé (建和)

Hépíng (和平)
Yuánjiā (元嘉)
Yǒngxīng (永興)
Yǒngshòu (永壽)
Yánxī (延熹)

Yǒngkāng (永康)		 147 – 149

150
151 – 153
153 – 154
155 – 158
158 – 167

167
Ling Di
靈帝		 Liu Hong
劉宏		 168 – 189 Jiànníng (建寧)

Xīpíng (熹平)
Guānghé (光和)

Zhōngpíng (中平)		 168 – 172

172 – 178
178 – 184

184 – 189
Shao Di, the Prince of Hongnong
少帝 or 弘農王		 Liu Bian
劉辯		 189 Guīngxī (光熹)
Zhàoníng (昭寧)		 189
189
Xian Di
獻帝		 Liu Xie (liú xié)
劉協		 189 – 220 Yǒnghàn (永漢)

(中平}
Chūpíng (初平)
Xīngpíng (興平)
Jiàn'ān (建安)

Yánkāng (延康)		 189

189
190 – 193
194 – 195
196 – 220

220

Three Kingdoms Period

Three Kingdoms Sovereigns
Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) Personal Names Period of Reigns Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years
Wei or Cao Wei 220-265 AD
Convention: "Wei" + posthumous name, sometimes except Cao Pi who was referred using personal names.
Wen Di (文帝 wen2 di4) 曹丕 Cao Pi 220-226 Huangchu (黃初 huang2 chu1) 220-226
Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4) 曹叡 Cao Rui 226-239 Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 227-233

Qinglong (青龍 qing1 long2) 233-237
Jingchu (景初 jing3 chu1) 237-239
Qi Wang (齊王 qi2 wang2) 曹芳 Cao Fang 239-254 Zhengshi (正始 zheng4 shi3) 240-249

Jiaping (嘉平 jia1 ping2) 249-254
Gao Gui Xiang Gong (高貴鄉公 gao1 gui4 xiang1 gong1) 曹髦 Cao Mao 254-260 Zhengyuan (正元 zheng4 yuan2) 254-256

Ganlu (甘露 gan1 lu4) 256-260
Yuan Di (元帝 yuan2 di4) 曹奐 Cao Huan 260-265 Jingyuan (景元 jing3 yuan2) 260-264

Xianxi (咸熙 xian2 xi1) 264-265
Shu or Shu Han 221 - 263
Convention: use personal name
Zhao Lie Di (昭烈帝 zhao1 lie4 di4) 劉備 Liu Bei 221-223 Zhangwu (章武 zhang1 wu3) 221-223
Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) 劉禪 Liu Shan 223-263 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 223-237

Yanxi (延熙 yan2 xi1) 238-257
Jingyao (景耀 jing3 yao4) 258-263
Yanxing (炎興 yan2 xing1) 263
Wu 222-280
Convention: use personal name
Da Di (大帝 da4 di4) 孫權 Sun Quan 222-252 Huangwu (黃武 huang2 wu3) 222-229

Huanglong (黃龍 huang2 long2) 229-231
Jiahe (嘉禾 jia1 he2) 232-238
Chiwu (赤烏 chi4 wu1) 238-251
Taiyuan (太元 tai4 yuan2) 251-252
Shenfeng (神鳳 shen2 feng4) 252
Kuai ji wang (會稽王 kuai4 ji1 wang2) 孫亮 Sun Liang 252-258 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 252-253

Wufeng (五鳳 wu3 feng4) 254-256
Taiping (太平 tai4 ping2) 256-258
Jing Di (景帝 jing3 di4) Sun Xiu 孫休 Sun Xiu 258-264 Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 258-264
Wu Cheng Hou (烏程侯 wu1 cheng2 hou2) Sun Hao 孫皓 Sun Hao 264-280 Yuanxing (元興 yuan2 xing1) 264-265

Ganlu (甘露 gan1 lu4) 265-266
Baoding (寶鼎 bao3 ding3) 266-269
Jianheng (建衡 jian4 heng2) 269-271
Fenghuang (鳳凰 feng4 huang2) 272-274
Tiance (天冊 tian1 ce4) 275-276
Tianxi (天璽 tian1 xi3) 276
Tianji (天紀 tian1 ji4) 277-280

Jin Dynasty

Jin Dynasty (265-420) Sovereigns
Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) Personal Names Period of Reigns Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years
Convention: "Jin" + posthumous name
Xi (Western) Jin Dynasty 265-317
Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4) Sima Yan 司馬炎 si1 ma3 yan2 265-290 Taishi (泰始 tai4 shi3) 265-274

Xianning (咸寧 xian2 ning2)275-280
Taikang (太康 tai4 kang1) 280-289
Taixi (太熙 tai4 xi1) 290
Hui Di (惠帝 hui4 di4) 司馬衷 si1 ma3 zhong1 290-306 Yongxi (永熙 yong3 xi1) 290

Yongping (永平 yong3 ping) 291
Yuankang (元康 yuan2 kang1) 291-299
Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 300-301
Yongning (永寧 yong3 ning2) 301-302
Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 302-303
Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 304
Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 304
Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 304
Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 304-306
Guangxi (光熙 guang1 xi1) 306
Huai Di (懷帝 huai2 di4) 司馬熾 si1 ma3 chi4 307-311 Yongjia (永嘉 yong3 jia1) 307-313
Min Di(愍帝 min3 di4) 司馬鄴 si1 ma3 ye4 313-317 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 313-317
Dong (Eastern) Jin Dynasty 317 AD - 420 AD
Yuan Di (元帝 yuan2 di4) 司馬睿 si1 ma3 rui4 317-322 Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 317-318

Daxing (大興 da4 xing1) 318-321
Yongchang (永昌 yong3 chang3) 321-322
Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4) 司馬紹 si1 ma3 shao4 322-325 Yongchang (永昌 yong3 chang3) 322-323

Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 323-325
Cheng Di (成帝 cheng2 di4) 司馬衍 si1 ma3 yan3 325-342 Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 325

Xianhe (咸和 xian2 he2) 326-334
Xiankang (咸康 xian2 kang1) 335-342
Kang Di (康帝 kang1 di4) 司馬岳 si1 ma3 yue4 342-344 Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 343-344
Mu Di (穆帝 mu4 di4) 司馬聃 si1 ma3 dan1 345-361 Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 345-356

Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 357-361
Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 di4) 司馬丕 si1 ma3 pi1 361-365 Longhe (隆和 long2 he2) 362-363

Xingning (興寧 xing1 ning2) 363-365
Fei Di (海西公 hai3 xi1 gong1) 司馬奕 si1 ma3 yi4 365-371 Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 365-371
Jian Wen Di (簡文帝 jian3 wen2 di4) 司馬昱 si1 ma3 yu4 371-372 Xianan (咸安 xian2 an1) 371-372
Xiao Wu Di (孝武帝 xiao4 wu3 di4) 司馬曜 si1 ma3 yao4 372-396 Ningkang (寧康 ning2 kang1) 373-375

Taiyuan (太元 tai4 yuan2) 376-396
An Di (安帝 an1 di4) 司馬德宗 si1 ma3 de2 zong1 396-418 Longan (隆安 long2 an1) 397-401

Yuanxing (元興 yuan2 xing1) 402-404
Yixi (義熙 yi4 xi1) 405-418
Gong Di (恭帝 gong1 di4) 司馬德文 si1 ma3 de2 wen2 419-420 Yuanxi (元熙 yuan2 xi1) 419-420

Sixteen Kingdoms Period

Sovereigns in the Period of Sixteen Kingdoms
Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4) Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 ) Personal Names Period of Reigns Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years
Convention: use personal name
Han Zhao Empire 304-329 AD (addressed separately in traditional texts as Han Empire and Former Zhao Empire)
Han Empire 304-318
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) Guang Wen Di (光文帝 guang1 wen2 di4) 劉淵 liu2 yuan1 304-310 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 304-308

Yongfeng (永鳳 yong3 feng4) 308-309
Herui (河瑞 he2 rui4) 309-310
Did not exist Liang Wang (梁王 liang2 wang2) 劉和 liu2 he2 7 days in 310 Did not exist
Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1) Zhao Wu Di (昭武帝 zhao1 wu3 di4) 劉聰 liu2 cong1 310-318 Guangxing (光興 guang1 xing1) 310-311

Jiaping (嘉平 jia1 ping2) 311-315
Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 315-316
Linjia (麟嘉 lin2 jia1) 316-318
Did not exist Yin Di (隱帝 yin3 di4) 劉粲 liu2 can4 a month and days in 318 Hanchang (漢昌 han4 chang1) 318
Qian (Former) Zhao Empire 318-329
Did not exist Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) 劉曜 liu2 yao4 318-329 Guangchu (光初 guang1 chu1) 318-329
Hou (Later) Zhao Empire 319 - 351
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) Ming Di (明帝 ming2 di4) 石勒 shi2 le4 319-333 Zhaowang (趙王 zhao4 wang2) 319-328

Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 328-330
Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 330-333
Did not exist Hai Yang Wang (海陽王 hai3 yang2 wang2) 石弘 shi2 hong2 333-334 Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 333

Yanxi (延熙 yan2 xi1) 334
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4) 石虎 shi2 hu3 334-349 Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 334-349

Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 349
Did not exist Qiao Wang (譙王 qiao2 wang2) 石世 shi2 shi4 73 days in 349 Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 73 days in 349
Did not exist Pang Cheng Wang (彭城王 pang2 cheng2 wang2) 石遵 shi2 zun1 183 days in 349 Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 183 days in 349
Did not exist Yi Yang Wang (義陽王 yi4 yang2 wang2) 石鑒 shi2 jian4 103 days within 349-350 Qinglong (青龍 qing1 long2) 103 days within 349-350
Did not exist Xin Xing Wang (新興王 xin1 xing1 wang2) 石祗 shi2 zhi1 350-351 Yongning (永寧 yong3 ning2) 349-350
Cheng Han Empire 303-347 AD (addressed separately in traditional texts as Cheng Empire and Han Empire)
Cheng Empire 303-338
Shi Zu (始祖 shi3 zu3) or Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3) Jing Di (景帝 jing3 di4) 李特 li3 te4 303 Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) or Jingchu (景初 jing3 chu1) 303
Did not exist Qin Wen Wang (秦文王 qin2 wen2 wang2) 李流 li3 liu2 several months in 303 Did not exist
Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1) Wu Di (武帝 wu3 di4) 李雄 li3 xiong2 303-334 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 303-305

Yanping (晏平 yan4 ping2) 305-311
Yuheng (玉衡 yu4 heng2) 311-334
Did not exist Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 si4) 李班 li3 ban1 7 months in 334 Yuheng (玉衡 yu4 heng2) 7 months in 334
Did not exist You Gong (幽公 you1 gong1) 李期 li3 qi1 334-338 Yuheng (玉恆 yu4 heng2) 334-338
Han Empire 338-347
Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1) Zhao Wen Di (昭文帝 zhao1 wen2 di4) 李壽 li3 shou4 338-343 Hanxing (漢興 han4 xing1) 338-343
Did not exist Gui Yi Hou (歸義侯 gui1 yi4 hou2) 李勢 li3 shi4 343-347 Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 343-346

Jianing (嘉寧 jia1 ning2) 346-347
Qian (Former) Yan Empire 337-370
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) Wen Ming Di (文明帝 wen2 ming2 di4) 慕容皝 mu4 rong2 huang3 337-348 Yanwang (燕王 yan4 wang2) 337-348
Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1) Jing Zhao Di (景昭帝 jing3 zhao1 di4) 慕容俊 mu4 rong2 jun4 348-360 Yanwang (燕王 yan4 wang2) 348-353

Yuanxi (元璽 yuan2 xi3) 353-357
Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 357
Guangshou (光壽 gunag1 shou4) 357-360
Did not exist You Di (幽帝 you1 di4) 慕容暐 mu4 rong2 wei3 360-370 Jianxi (建熙 jian4 xi1) 360-365

Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 365-370
Hou (Later) Yan Empire 384-407
Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3) Wu Cheng Di (武成帝 wu3 cheng2 di4) 慕容垂 mu4 rong2 chui2 384-396 Yanyuan (燕王 yan4 wang2) 384-385

Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 386-396
Lie Zong (烈宗 lie4 zong1) Hui Min Di (惠愍帝 hui4 min3 di4) 慕容寶 mu4 rong2 bao3 396-398 Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 396-398
Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1) Zhao Wu Di (昭武帝 zhao1 wu3 di4) 慕容盛 mu4 rong2 sheng4 398-401 Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 398

Changluo (長樂 chang2 le4) 399-401
Did not exist Zhao Wen Di (昭文帝 zhao1 wen2 di4) 慕容熙 mu4 rong2 xi1 401-407 Guangshi (光始 guang1 shi3) 401-406

Jianshi (建始 jian4 shi3) 407
Nan (Southern) Yan Empire 398-410
Shi Zong (世宗 shi4 zong1) Xian Wu Di (獻武帝 xian4 wu3 di4) 慕容德 mu4 rong2 de2 398-405 Yanwang (燕王 yan4 wang2) 398-400

Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 400-405
Did not exist Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) 慕容超 mu4 rong2 chao1 405-410 Taishang (太上 tai4 shang4) 405-410
Bei (Northern) Yan Empire 407-436
Did not exist Hui Yi Di (惠懿帝 hui4 yi4 di4) 高雲 gao1 yun2 407-409 Zhengshi (正始 zheng4 shi3) 407-409
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) Wen Cheng Di (文成帝 wen2 cheng2 di4) 馮跋 feng2 ba2 409-430 Taiping (太平 tai4 ping2) 409-430
Did not exist Zhao Cheng Di (昭成帝 zhao1 cheng2 di4) 馮弘 feng2 hong2 430-436 Daxing (大興 da4 xing1) 430-436
Qian (Former) Liang Kingdom 320-376
Did not exist Cheng Gong (成公 cheng2 gong1) 張茂 zhang1 mao4 320-324 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 320-324
Did not exist Zhong Cheng Gong (忠成公 zhong1 cheng2 gong1) 張駿 zhang1 jun4 324-346 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 324-346
Did not exist Huan Gong (桓公 huan2 gong1) 張重華 zhang1 chong2 hua2 346-353 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 346-353
Did not exist Ai Gong (哀公 ai1 gong1) 張曜靈 zhang1 yao4 ling2 3 months (the ninth to the twelfth month) in 353 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 353
Did not exist Wei Wang (威王 wei1 wang2) 張祚 zhang1 zuo4 353-355 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 353-354

Heping (和平 he2 ping2) 354-355
Did not exist Jing Dao Gong (敬悼公 jing4 dao4 gong1) or Chong Gong (沖公 chong1 gong1) 張玄靖 zhang1 xuan2 jing4 355-363 Jianxing (建興 jian4 xing1) 355-361

Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 361-363
Did not exist Dao Gong (悼公 dao4 gong1) 張天錫 zhang1 tian1 xi2 364-376 Shengping (升平 sheng1 ping2) 364-376
Hou (Later) Liang Kingdom 386 AD - 403 AD
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) Yi Wu Wang (懿武王 yi4 wu3 wang2) 呂光 uu3 guang1 386-399 Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 386-389

Lunjia (麟嘉 lun2 jia1) 389-396
Longfei (龍飛 long2 fei1) 396-399
Did not exist Yin Wang (隱王 yin3 wang2) 呂紹 luu3 shao4 399 Longfei (龍飛 long2 fei1) 399
Did not exist Ling Wang (靈王 ling2 wang2) 呂纂 luu3 zuan3 399-401 Xianning (咸寧 xian2 ning2) 399-401
Did not exist Shang Shu Gong (尚書公 shang4 shu1 gong1) or Jiankang Gong (建康公 jian4 kang1 gong1) 呂隆 luu3 long2 401-403 Shending (神鼎 shen2 ding3) 401-403
Nan (Southern) Liang Kingdom 397 AD - 414 AD
Lie Zu (烈祖 lie4 zu3) Wu Wang (武王 wu3 wang2) 禿髮烏孤 tu1 fa3 wu1 gu1 397-399 Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 397-399
Did not exist Kang Wang (康王 kang1 wang2) 禿髮利鹿孤 tu1 fa3 li4 lu4 gu1 399-402 Jianhe (建和 jian4 he2) 399-402
Did not exist Jing Wang (景王 jing3 wang2) or Jing Wang (敬王 jing4 wang2) 禿髮傉檀 tu1 fa3 li4 ru4 tan2 402-414 Hongchang (弘昌 hong2 chang1) 402-404

Jiaping (嘉平 jia1 ping2) 409-414
Bei (Northern) Liang Kingdom 397-439 (as Kings of Gao Chang 442-460)
Did not exist Did not exist 段業 duan4 ye4 397-401 Shen Xi (神璽 shen2 xi3) 397-399

Tian Xi (天璽 tian1 xi3) 399-401
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) Wu Xuan Wang (武宣王 wu3 xuan1 wang2) 沮渠蒙遜 ju3 qu2 meng2 xun4 401-433 Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 401-412

Xuanshi (玄始 xuan2 shi3) 412-428
Chengxuan (承玄 cheng2 xuan2) 428-430
Yihe (義和 yi4 he2) 430-433
Did not exist Ai Wang (哀王 ai1 wang2) 沮渠牧犍 ju3 qu2 mu4 jian1 433-439 Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 433-439
Did not exist Did not exist 沮渠無諱 ju3 qu2 wu2 hui4 442-444 Chengping (承平 cheng2 ping2) 442-443

Qianshou (乾壽 qian2 shou4) 443-444
Did not exist Did not exist 沮渠安周 ju3 qu2 an1 zhou1 444-460 Chengping (承平 cheng2 ping2) 444-460
Xi (Western) Liang Kingdom 400-421
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) Wu Zhao Wang (武昭王 wu3 zhao1 wang2) 李暠 li3 gao3 400-417 Gengzi (庚子 geng1 zi5) 400-405

Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) 406-416
Did not exist Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) 李歆 li3 xin1 417-420 Jiaxing (嘉興 jia1 xing1) 417-420
Did not exist Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) 李恂 li3 xun2 420-421 Yongjian (永建 yong3 jian4) 420-421
Qian Former Qin Empire 351 AD - 394 AD
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) Jing Ming Di (景明帝 jing3 ming2 di4) 苻健 fu2 jian4 351-355 Huangshi (皇始 huang2 shi3) 351-355
Did not exist Li Wang (厲王 li4 wang2) 苻生 fu2 sheng1 355-357 Shouguang (壽光 shou4 guang1) 355-357
Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3) Xuan Zhao Di (宣昭帝 xuan1 zhao1 di4) 苻堅 fu2 jian1 357-385 Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 357-359

Ganlu (甘露 gan1 lu4) 359-364
Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 365-385
Did not exist Ai Ping Di (哀平帝 ai1 ping2 di4) 苻丕 fu2 pi1 385-386 Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 385-386
Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1) Gao Di (高帝 gao1 di4) 苻登 fu2 deng1 386-394 Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 385-394
Did not exist Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) 苻崇 fu2 chong2 several months in 394 Yanchu (延初 yan2 chu1) 394
Hou (Later) Qin Empire 384 AD - 417 AD
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) Wu Zhao Di (武昭帝 wu3 zhao1 di4) 姚萇 yao2 chang2 384-393 Bai Que (白雀 bai2 que4) 384-386

Jianchu (建初 jian4 chu1) 386-393
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) Wen Huan Di (文桓帝 wen2 huan2 di4) 姚興 yao2 xing1 394-416 Huangchu (皇初 huang2 chu1) 394-399

Hongshi (弘始 hong2 shi3) 399-416
Did not exist Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) 姚泓 yao2 hong2 416-417 Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 416-417
Xi (Western) Qin Kingdom 385-400,409-431
Lie Zu (烈祖 lie4 zu3) Xuan Lie Wang (宣烈王 xuan1 lie4 wang2) 乞伏國仁 qi3 fu2 guo2 ren2 385-388 Jianyi (建義 jian4 yi4) 385-388
Gao Zu (高祖 gao1 zu3) Wu Yuan Wang (武元王 wu3 yuan2 wang2) 乞伏乾歸 qi3 fu2 gan1 gui1 388-400,409-412 Taichu (太初 tai4 chu1) 388-400

Gengshi (更始 geng4 shi3) 409-412
Tai Zu (太祖 tai4 zu3) Wen Zhao Wang (文昭王 wen2 zhao1 wang2) 乞伏熾磐 qi3 fu2 chi4 pan2 412-428 Yongkang (永康 yong3 kang1) 412-419

Jianhong (建弘 jian4 hong2) 420-428
Did not exist Hou Zhu (後主 hou4 xhu3) 乞伏暮末 qi3 fu2 mu4 mo4 428-431 Yonghong (永弘 yong3 hong2) 428-431
Xia Empire 407-431
Shi Zu (世祖 shi4 zu3) Wu Lie Di (武烈帝 wu3 lie4 di4) 赫連勃勃 he4 lian2 bo2 bo2 407-425 Longsheng (龍升 long2 sheng1) 407-413

Fengxiang (鳳翔 feng4 xiang2) 413-418
Changwu (昌武 chang1 wu3) 418-419
Zhenxing (真興 chen1 xing1) 419-425
Did not exist Qin Wang (秦王 qin2 wang2) 赫連昌 he4 lian2 chang1 425-428 Chengguang (承光 cheng2 guang1) 425-428
Did not exist Ping Yuan Wang (平原王 ping2 yuan2 wang2) 赫連定 he4 lian2 ding4 428-431 Shengguang (勝光 sheng4 guang1) 425-428

Sovereignties established by Wu Hu

Sovereignties established by Chinese and Wu Hu but traditionally not counted in the Sixteen Kingdoms
Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) Personal Names Period of Reigns Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years
Convention: use personal name
Ran Wei Kingdom 350-352 (addressed as Wei Kingdom in traditional texts)
Wu Dao Tian Wang (武道天王 wu3 dao4 tian1 wang2) 冉閔 ran3 min3 350-352 Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 350-352
Xi (Western) Yan Empire 384-394
Wei Di (威帝 wei1 di4) 慕容泓 mu4 rong2 hong2 384 Yanxing (燕興 yan4 xing1) 384
Did not exist 慕容沖 mu4 rong2 chong1 384-386 Yanxing (燕興 yan4 xing1) 384-385

Gengshi (更始 geng4 shi3) 385-386
Did not exist 段隨 duan4 sui2 386 Changping (昌平 chang1 ping2) 386
Did not exist 慕容韜 mu4 rong2 tao1 386 Jianming (建明 jian4 ming2) 386
Did not exist 慕容瑤 mu4 rong2 yao2 386 Jianping (建平 jian4 ping2) 386
Did not exist 慕容忠 mu4 rong2 zhong1 386 Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 386
Did not exist 慕容永 mu4 rong2 yong3 386-394 Zhongxing (中興 zhong1 xing1) 386-394
Shu Kingdom 405-413
Cheng Du Wang (成都王 cheng2 du1 wang2) 譙縱 qiao2 zong4 405-413 Did not exist
Chieftains of Tiefu Tribe ( mid-3rd century-391 )
Did not exist 劉去卑 liu2 qu4 bei1 mid 3rd century Did not exist
Did not exist 劉誥升爰 liu2 gao4 sheng1 yuan2 mid 3rd century - late 3rd century Did not exist
Did not exist 劉虎 liu2 hu3 early 4th century (309?) - 341 Did not exist
Did not exist 劉務恒 liu2 wu4 heng2 341-356 Did not exist
Did not exist 劉閼陋頭 liu2 e4 lou4 tou2 356-358 Did not exist
Did not exist 劉悉勿祈 liu2 xi1 wu4 qi2 358-359 Did not exist
Did not exist 劉衛辰 liu2 wei4 chen2 359-391 Did not exist
Chieftains of Yuwen Tribe ( late-3rd century-345 )
Did not exist 宇文莫槐 yu3 wen2 mo4 huai2 late 3rd century-293 Did not exist
Did not exist 宇文普回 yu3 wen2 pu3 hui2 or Yuwen Pu Bo|宇文普撥 yu3 wen2 pu3 bo1 293-late 3rd century Did not exist
Did not exist 宇文丘不勤 yu3 wen2 qiu1 bu4 qin2 late 3rd century Did not exist
Did not exist 宇文莫圭 yu3 wen2 mo4 gui1 late 3rd century (299?)- early 4th century (302?) Did not exist
Did not exist 宇文悉獨官 yu3 wen2 xi1 du2 guan1 early 3rd century Did not exist
Did not exist 宇文乞得歸 yu3 wen2 qi3 de5 gui1 early 3rd century - 333 Did not exist
Did not exist 宇文逸豆歸 yu3 wen2 yi4 dou4 gui1 333-345 Did not exist
Dukes of Liaoxi 303-338
Did not exist 段務勿塵 duan4 wu4 wu4 chen2 303-310 or 311 Did not exist
Did not exist 段疾陸眷 duan4 ji2 lu4 juan4 310 or 311 - 318 Did not exist
Did not exist 段涉復辰 duan4 she4 fu4 chen2 318 Did not exist
Did not exist 段匹磾 duan4 pi3 di1 318-321 Did not exist
Did not exist 段末柸 duan4 mo4 pei1 318-325 Did not exist
Did not exist 段牙 duan4 ya2 325 Did not exist
Did not exist 段遼 duan4 liao2 326-338 Did not exist
Chieftains, Dukes and Kings of Chouchi, Wuxing and Yinping (late 2nd century- mid 6th century (555?) )
First Phase of Chouchi (late 2nd century-371)
Did not exist 楊騰 yang2 teng2 late 2nd century- early 3rd century Did not exist
Did not exist 楊駒 yang2 ju1 early 3rd century Did not exist
Did not exist 楊千萬 yang2 qian1 wan4 early 3rd century - mid 3rd century Did not exist
Did not exist 楊飛龍 yang2 fei1 long2 mid 3rd century - late 3rd century Did not exist
Did not exist 楊茂搜 yang2 mao4 sou1 late 3rd century - 317 Did not exist
Did not exist 楊難敵 yang2 nan2 di2 317-334 Did not exist
Did not exist 楊毅 yang2 yi4 334-337 Did not exist
Did not exist 楊初 yang2 chu1 337-355 Did not exist
Did not exist 楊國 yang2 guo2 355-356 Did not exist
Did not exist 楊俊 yang2 jun4 356-360 Did not exist
Did not exist 楊世 yang2 shi4 360-370 Did not exist
Did not exist 楊篡 yang2 cuan4 370-371 Did not exist
Second Phase of Chouchi 385-473
武王 wu3 wang2 楊定 yang2 ding4 385-394 Did not exist
惠文王 hui4 wen2 wang2 楊盛 yang2 sheng4 394-425 Did not exist
孝昭王 xiao4 zhao1 wang2 楊玄 yang2 xuan2 425-429 Did not exist
Did not exist 楊保宗 yang2 bao3 zong1 429 and 443 Did not exist
Did not exist 楊難當 yang2 nan2 dang1 429-441 Jianyi (建義 jian4 yi4) 436-440
Did not exist 楊保熾 yang2 bao3 chi4 442-443 Did not exist
Did not exist 楊文德 yang2 wen2 de2 443-454 Did not exist
Did not exist 楊元和 yang2 yuan2 he2 455-466 Did not exist
Did not exist 楊僧嗣 yang2 seng1 si4 466-473 Did not exist
Kings of Wuxing 473-506 and 534-555
Did not exist 楊文度 yang2 wen2 du4 473-477 Did not exist
Did not exist 楊文弘 yang2 wen2 hong2 477-482 Did not exist
Did not exist 楊後起 yang2 hou4 qi3 482-486 Did not exist
An Wang (安王 an1 wang2) 楊集始 yang2 ji2 shi3 482-503 Did not exist
Did not exist 楊紹先 yang2 shao4 xian1 503-506, 534-535 Did not exist
Did not exist 楊智慧 yang2 zhi4 hui4 535-545 Did not exist
Did not exist 楊辟邪 yang2 bi4 xie2 545-553 Did not exist
Note: Yang Zhi Hui and Yang Bi Xie could be the same person
Kings of Yinping 477- mid 6th century
Did not exist 楊廣香 yang2 guang3 xiang1 477-483? Did not exist
Did not exist 楊炯 yang2 jiong3 483-495 Did not exist
Did not exist 楊崇祖 yang2 chong2 zu3 495-before 502 Did not exist
Did not exist 楊孟孫 yang2 meng4 sun1 before 502-511 Did not exist
Did not exist 楊定 yang2 ding4 511- ? Did not exist
Chieftains of Tuoba Tribe 219-377 (as Kings of Dai 305?-377)
As a well known fact, Tuoba Family was the ruling family of Northern Wei Dynasty, founded by Tuoba Gui. Hence Table of Northern Wei Dynasty will start with him, not as a continuation of this table.
Note: All chieftains were revered as emperors in Weishu and Beishi which they never were. They were denoted here as 王(wang2) which was inherited by all successors of Tuoba Yi Lu.
神元王 shen2 yuan2 wang2 拓拔力微 tou4 ba2 li4 wei2 219-277 Did not exist
Note: His temple name was Shi Zu|始祖 shi2 zu3. Another column was not created since only he was the only chieftain before Tuoba Gui revered with a temple name
章王 zhang1 wang2 拓拔悉鹿 tou4 ba2 xi1 lu4 277-286 Did not exist
平王 ping2 wang2 拓拔綽 tou4 ba2 chuo4 286-293 Did not exist
思王 si1 wang2 拓拔弗 tou4 ba2 fu2 293-294 Did not exist
昭王 zhao1 wang2 拓拔祿官 tou4 ba2 lu4 guan1 294-307 Did not exist
穆王 mu4 wang2 拓拔猗 (㐌 - 拖 without 手) tou4 ba2 yi1 yi2 295-305 Did not exist
穆王 mu4 wang2 拓拔猗盧 tou4 ba2 yi1 lu2 295-316 Did not exist
Did not exist 拓拔普根 tou4 ba2 pu3 gen1 316 Did not exist
Did not exist 拓拔? tou4 ba2 ? 316 Did not exist
平文王 ping2 wen2 wang2 拓拔鬱律 tou4 ba2 yu4 luu4 316-321 Did not exist
惠王 hui4 wang2 拓拔賀傉 tou4 ba2 he4 ru4 321-325 Did not exist
煬王 yang2 wang2 拓拔紇那 tou4 ba2 he2 na3 325-329 and 335-337 Did not exist
烈王 lie4 wang2 拓拔翳槐 tou4 ba2 yi4 huai2 329-335 and 337-338 Did not exist
昭成王 zhao1 cheng2 wang2 拓拔什翼健 tou4 ba2 shi2 yi4 jian4 338-377 Jianguo (建國 jian4 guo2) 338-377

Northern and Southern Dynasties

Sovereigns in the Northern and Southern Dynasties Period
Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號) Personal Names Period of Reigns Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years
Northern dynasty
Bei Northern Wei Dynasty 386-535
Convention: Bei (Northern) Wei + posthumous name
As a well known fact Tuoba family changed their family name to 元(yuan2) during the reign of Xiao Wen Di in 496 so we will also change from there.
道武帝 dao4 wu3 di4 拓拔珪 tou4 ba2 gui1 386-409 Dengguo (登國 deng1 guo2) 386-396

Huangshi (皇始 huang2 shi3) 396-398
Tianxing (天興 tian1 xing1) 398-404
Tianci (天賜 tian1 ci4) 404-409
明元帝 ming2 yuan2 di4 拓拔嗣 tou4 ba2 si4 409-423 Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 409-413

Shenrui (神瑞 shen2 rui4) 414-416
Taichang (泰常 tai4 chang2) 416-423
太武帝 tai4 wu3 di4 拓拔燾 tou4 ba2 tao2 424-452 Shiguang (始光 shi3 guang1) 424-428

Shenjia (神麚 shen2 jia1) 428-431
Yanhe (延和 yan2 he2) 432-434
Taiyan (太延 tai4 yan2) 435-440
Taipingzhenjun (太平真君 tai4 ping2 zhen1 jun1) 440-451
Zhengping (正平 zheng4 ping2) 451-452
南安王 nan2 an1 wang2 拓拔余 tou4 ba2 yu2 452 Yongping (永平 yong3 ping2) or Chengping (承平 cheng2 ping2) 452
文成帝 wen2 cheng2 di4 拓拔濬 tou4 ba2 jun4 452-465 Xingan (興安 xing1 an1) 452-454

Xingguang (興光 xing1 guang1) 454-455
Taian (太安 tai4 an1) 455-459
Heping (和平 he2 ping2) 460-465
獻文帝 xian4 wen2 di4 拓拔弘 tou4 ba2 hong2 466-471 Tianan (天安 tian1 an1) 466-467

Huangxing (皇興 huang2 xing1) 467-471
孝文帝 xiao4 wen2 di4 元宏 yuan2 hong2 471-499 Yanxing (延興 yan2 xing1) 471-476

Chengming (承明 cheng2 ming2) 476
Taihe (太和 tai4 he2) 477-499
宣武帝 xuan1 wu3 di4 元恪 yuan2 ke4 500-515 Jingming (景明 jing3 ming2) 500-503

Zhengshi (正始 zheng4 shi3) 504-508
Yongping (永平 yong3 ping2) 508-512
Yanchang (延昌 yan2 chang1) 512-515
孝明帝 xiao4 ming2 di4 元詡 yuan2 xu3 516-528 Xiping (熙平 xi1 ping2) 516-518

Shengui (神龜 shen2 gui1) 518-520
Zhengguang (正光 zheng4 guang1) 520-525
Xiaochang (孝昌 xiao4 chang1) 525-527
Wutai (武泰 wu3 tai4) 528
孝莊帝 xiao4 zhuang1 di4 元子攸 yuan2 zi5 you1 528-530 Jianyi (建義 jian4 yi4) 528

Yongan (永安 yong3 an1) 528-530
長廣王 chang2 guang3 wang2 or Jing Di|敬帝 jing4 di4 元曄 yuan2 ye4 530-531 Jianming (建明 jian4 ming2) 530-531
節閔帝 jie2 min3 di4 元恭 yuan2 gong1 531-532 Putai (普泰 pu3 tai4) 531-532
安定王 an1 ding4 wang2 or Chu Di|出帝 chu1 di4 元朗 yuan2 lang3 531-532 Zhongxing (中興 zhong1 xing1) 531-532
孝武帝 xiao1 wu3 di4 元脩 yuan2 xiu1 532-535 Taichang (太昌 tai4 chang1) 532

Yongxing (永興 yong3 xing1) 532
Yongxi (永熙 yong3 xi1) 532-535
Dong (Eastern) Wei Dynasty 534-550
Convention: Dong (Eastern) Wei + posthumous name
孝靜帝 xiao1 jing4 di4 元善見 yuan2 shan4 jian4 534-550 Tianping (天平 tian1 ping2) 534-537

Yuanxiang (元象 yuan2 xiang4) 538-539
Xinghe (興和 xing1 he2) 539-542
Wuding (武定 wu3 ding4) 543-550
Bei (Northern) Qi Dynasty 550-577
Convention: Bei (Northern) Qi + posthumous name
文宣帝 wen2 xuan1 di4 高洋 gao1 yang2 550-559 Tianbao (天保 tain1 bao3) 550-559
廢帝 fei4 di4 高殷 gao1 yin1 560 Qianming (乾明 qian1 ming2) 560
孝昭帝 xiao1 zhao1 di4 高演 gao1 yan3 560-561 Huangjian (皇建 huang2 jian4) 560-561
武成帝 wu3 cheng2 di4 高湛 gao1 zhan4 561-565 Taining (太寧 tai4 ning2) 561-562

Heqing (河清 he2 qing1) 562-565
後主 hou4 zhu3 高緯 gao1 wei3 565-577 Tiantong (天統 tian1 tong3) 565-569

Wuping (武平 wu3 ping2) 570-576
Longhua (隆化 long2 hua3 576
幼主 you4 zhu3 高恆 gao1 heng2 577 Chengguang (承光 cheng2 guang1) 577
范陽王 fan4 yang2 wang2 高紹義 gao1 shao4 yi4 577-579? Did not exist
Xi (Western) Wei Dynasty 535-556
Convention: Xi (Western) Wei + posthumous name
文帝 wen2 di4 元寶炬 yuan2 bao3 ju4 535-551 Datong (大統 da4 tong3) 535-551
廢帝 fei4 di4 元欽 yuan2 qin1 552-554 Did not exist
恭帝 gong1 di4 元廓 yuan2 kuo4 554-556 Did not exist
Bei (Northern) Zhou Dynasty 557-581
Convention: Bei (Northern) Zhou + posthumous name
孝閔帝 xiao1 min3 di4 宇文覺 yu3 wen2 jue2 557 Did not exist
明帝 ming2 di4 or Xiao Ming Di|孝明帝 xiao4 ming2 di4 宇文毓 yu3 wen2 yu4 557-560 Wucheng (武成 wu3 cheng2) 559-560
武帝 wu3 di4 宇文邕 yu3 wen2 yong1 561-578 Baoding (保定 bao3 ding4) 561-565

Tianhe (天和 tian1 he2) 566-572
Jiande (建德 jian4 de2) 572-578
Xuanzheng (宣政 xuan1 zheng4) 578
宣帝 xuan1 di4 宇文贇 yu3 wen2 yun1 579 Dacheng (大成 da4 cheng2) 579
靜帝 jing4 di4 宇文闡 yu3 wen2 chan3 579-581 Daxiang (大象 da4 xiang4) 579-581

Dading (大定 da4 ding4) 581
Southern dynasty 420-589
Song Dynasty (420-479)
Convention: Song + posthumous name, sometimes except Liu Yu who was referred using personal name.
武帝 wu3 jing4 di4 劉裕 liu3 yu4 420-422 Yongchu (永初 yong3 chu1) 420-422
少帝 shao4 di4 劉義符 liu3 yi4 fu2 423-424 Jingping (景平 jing3 ping2) 423-424
文帝 wen2 di4 劉義隆 liu3 yi4 long2 424-453 Yuanjia (元嘉 yaun2 jia1) 424-453
孝武帝 xiao1 wu3 di4 劉駿 liu3 jun4 454-464 Xiaojian (元嘉 xiao1 jian4) 454-456

Daming (大明 da4 ming2) 457-464
前廢帝 qian2 fei4 di4 劉子業 liu3 zi5 ye4 465 Yongguang (永光 yong3 guang1) 465

Jinghe (景和 jing3 he2) 465
明帝 ming2 di4 劉彧 liu3 yu4 465-472 Taishi (泰始 tai4 shi3) 465-471

Taiyu (泰豫 tai4 yu4) 472
後廢帝 hou4 fei4 di4 or Cang Wu Wang|蒼梧王 cang1 wu2 wang2 劉昱 liu3 yu4 473-477 Yuanhui (元徽 yuan2 hui1) 473-477
順帝 shun4 di4 劉準 liu3 zhun3 477-479 Shengming (昇明 sheng1 ming2) 477-479
Qi Dynasty 479-502
Convention: Qi + posthumous name
高帝 gao1 di4 蕭道成 xiao1 dao4 cheng2 479-482 Jianyuan (建元 jian4 yuan2) 479-482
武帝 wu3 jing4 di4 蕭賾 xiao1 ze2 483-493 Yongming (永明 yong3 ming2) 483-493
鬱林王 yu4 lin2 wang2 蕭昭業 xiao1 zhao1 ye4 494 Longchang (隆昌 long2 chang1) 494
Hai Ling Wang (海陵王 hai3 ling2 wang2) 蕭昭文 xiao1 zhao1 wen2 494 Yanxing (延興 yan2 xing1) 494
明帝 ming2 di4 蕭鸞 xiao1 luan2 494-498 Jianwu (建武 jian4 wu3) 494-498

Yongtai (永泰 yong3 tai4) 498
Dong Hun Hou (東昏侯 dong1 hun1 hou2) 蕭寶卷 xiao1 bao3 juan3 499-501 Yongyuan (永元 yong3 yuan2) 499-501
和帝 he2 di4 蕭寶融 xiao1 bao3 rong2 501-502 Zhongxing (中興 zhong1 xing1) 501-502
Liang Dynasty (502-557)
Convention: Liang + posthumous name
Wu Di (武帝 wu3 jing4 di4) Xiao Yan (蕭衍 xiao1 yan3) 502-549 Tianjian (天監 tian1 jian1) 502-519

Putong (普通 pu3 tong1) 520-527
Datong (大通 da4 tong1) 527-529
Zhongdatong (中大通 zhong1 da4 tong1) 529-534
Datong (大同 da4 tong2) 535-546
Zhongdatong (中大同 zhong1 da4 tong2) 546-547
Taiqing (太清 tai4 qing1) 547-549
Jian Wen Di (簡文帝 jian3 wen2 di4) 蕭綱 xiao1 gang1 549-551 Dabao (大寶 da4 bao3) 550-551
Yu Zhang Wang (豫章王 yu4 zhang1 wang2) 蕭棟 xiao1 dong4 551-552 Tianzheng (天正 tian1 zheng4) 551-552
Yuan Di (元帝 yuan2 di4) 蕭繹 xiao1 yi4 552-555 Chengsheng (承聖 cheng2 sheng4) 552-555
Zhen Yang Hou (貞陽侯 zhen1 yang2 hou2) 蕭淵明 xiao1 yuan1 ming2 555 Tiancheng (天成 tian1 cheng2) 555
敬帝 jing4 di4 蕭方智 xiao1 fang1 zhi4 555-557 Shaotai (紹泰 shao4 tai4) 555-556

Taiping (太平 tai4 ping2) 556-557
Chen Dynasty 557-589
Convention: Chen + posthumous name
武帝 wu3 di4 陳霸先 chen2 ba4 xian1 557-559 Yongding (永定 yong3 ding4) 557-559
文帝 wen2 di4 陳蒨 chen2 qian4 560-566 Tianjia (天嘉 tian1 jia1) 560-566

Tiankang (天康 tian1 kang1) 566
廢帝 (Feì Dì) or 臨海王 (Lín Hǎi Wáng) 陳伯宗 chen2 bo2 zong1 567-568 Guangda (光大 guang1 da4) 567-568
宣帝 xuan1 di4 陳頊 chen2 xu1 569-582 Taijian (太建 tai4 jian4) 569-582
後主 hou4 zhu3 陳叔寶 chen2 shu2 bao3 583-589 Zhide (至德 zhi4 de2) 583-586

Zhenming (禎明 zhen1 ming2) 587-589
Nan (Southern) Liang Dynasty 555-587
Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4) Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 ) Personal Names Period of Reigns Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years
Convention: Nan (Southern) Liang + posthumous name
Note: some historians set Nan Liang as a continuation of the Liang Dynasty since it was founded by descendants of the Xiao's, the ruling family of the Liang Dynasty.
Zhong Zong (中宗 zhong1 zong1) 宣帝 xuan1 di4 蕭詧 xiao1 cha2 555-562 Dading (大定 da4 ding4) 555-562
Shi Zong (世4宗 zhong1 zong1) 孝明帝 xiao4 ming2 di4 蕭巋 xiao1 kui1 562-585 Tianbao (天保 tian1 bao3) 562-585
Did not exist Xiao Jing Di|孝靜帝 xiao4 jing4 di4 or Ju Gong|莒公 ju3 gong1 蕭琮 xiao1 cong2 585-587 Guangyun (廣運 guang3 yun4) 585-587

Sui Dynasty

Sui Dynasty 581-618
Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 ) Personal Names Period of Reigns Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years
Convention: "Sui" + posthumous name
Wen Di 文帝 wen2 di4 楊堅 yang2 jian1 581-604 Kaihuang (開皇 kai1 huang2) 581-600

Renshou (仁壽 ren2 shou4) 601-604
Yang Di 煬帝 yang2 di4 楊廣 yang2 guang3 605-617 Daye (大業 da4 ye4) 605-617
Gong Di 恭帝 gong1 di4 楊侑 yang2 you4 617-618 Yining (義寧 yi4 ning2) 617-618

Tang Dynasty

For a list of Tang emperors on a separate page, click here.

Tang Dynasty 618-690, 705-907
Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟;號 ) Personal Names Period of Reigns Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years
Convention: "Tang" + temple name
Gao Zu (Kao-Tsu) (高祖 gao1 zu3) 李淵 li3 yuan1 618-626 Wude (武德 wu3 de2) 618-626
Tai Zong (Tai-Tsung) (太宗 tai4 zong1) 李世民 li3 shi4 min2 627-649 Zhenguan (貞觀 zhen1 guan1) 627-649
Gao Zong (Kao-Tsung) (高宗 gao1 zong1) 李治 li3 zhi4 650-683 Yonghui (永徽 yong3 hui1) 650-655

Xianqing (顯慶 xian3 qing4) 656-661
Longshuo (龍朔 long2 shuo4) 661-663
Linde (麟德 lin2 de2) 664-665
Qianfeng (乾封 qian2 feng1) 666-668
Zongzhang (總章 zong3 zhang1) 668-670
Xianheng (咸亨 xian2 heng1) 670-674
Shangyuan (上元 shang4 yuan2) 674-676
Yifeng (儀鳳 yi2 feng4) 676-679
Tiaolu (調露 tiao2 lu4) 679-680
Yonglong (永隆 yong3 long2) 680-681
Kaiyao (開耀 kai1 yao4) 681-682
Yongchun (永淳 yong3 chun2) 682-683
Hongdao (弘道 hong2 dao4) 683
Zhong Zong (Chung-Tsung) (中宗 zhong1 zong1) 李顯 li3 xian3 or Li Zhe|李哲 li3 zhe2 684, 705-710 Sisheng (嗣聖 si4 sheng4) 684

Shenlong (神龍 shen2 long2) 705-707
Jinglong (景龍 jing3 long2) 707-710<be>
Rui Zong (Jui-Tsung) (睿宗 rui4 zong1) 李旦 li3 dan4 684-690, 710-712 Wenming (文明 wen2 ming2) 684-690

Jingyun (景雲 jing3 yun2) 710-711
Taiji (太極 tai4 ji2) 712
Yanhe (延和 yan2 he2) 712
Zhou Dynasty (690 AD - 705 AD)
Convention: family name + posthumous name
Wu Ze Tian (武則天 wu3 ze2 tian1) (no official temple name) 聖神 sheng4 shen2 690-705 Tianshou (天授 tian1 shou4) 690-692

Ruyi (如意 ru2 yi4) 692
Changshou (長壽 chang2 shou4) 692-694
Yanzai (延載 yan2 zai4) 694
Zhengsheng (證聖 zheng4 sheng4) 695
Tiancewansui (天冊萬歲 tian1 ce4 wan4 sui4) 695-696
Wansuidengfeng (萬歲登封 wan4 sui4 deng1 feng1) 696
Wansuitongtian (萬歲通天 wan4 sui4 tong1 tian1) 696-697
Shengong (神功 shen2 gong1) 697
Shengli (聖曆 sheng4 li4) 698-700
Jiushi (久視 jiu3 shi4) 700
Daju (大足 da4 ju2) 701
Changan (長安 chang2 an1) 701-705
Continuation of Tang Dynasty
Shang Di (殤帝 shang1 di4) see note below the table 李重茂 li3 chong2 mao4 710 Tanglong (唐隆 tang2 long2) 710
Xuan Zong (玄宗 xuan2 zong1) 李隆基 li3 long2 ji1 712-756 Xiantian (先天 xian1 tian1) 712-713

Kaiyuan (開元 kai1 yuan2) 713-741
Tianbao (天寶 tian1 bao3) 742-756
Su Zong (肅宗 su4 zong1) 李亨 li3 heng1 756-762 Jide (至德 zhi4 de2) 756-758

Qianyuan (乾元 qian2 yuan2) 758-760
Shangyuan (上元 shang4 yuan2) 760-761
Dai Zong (代宗 dai4 zong1) 李豫 li3 yu4 762-779 Baoying (寶應 bao3 ying4) 762-763

Guangde (廣德 guang3 de2) 763-764
Yongtai (永泰 yong3 tai4) 765-766
Dali (大曆 da4 li4) 766-779
De Zong (德宗 de2 zong1) 李适 li3 gua1 780-805 Jianzhong (建中 1jian4 zhong1) 780-783

Xingyuan (興元 xing1 yuan2) 784
Zhenyuan (貞元 zhen1 yuan2) 785-805
Shun Zong (順宗 shun4 zong1) 李誦 li3 song4 805 Yongzhen (永貞 yong3 zhen1) 805
Xian Zong (憲宗 xian4 zong1) 李純 li3 chun2 806-820 Yuanhe (元和 yuan2 he2) 806-820
Mu Zong (穆宗 mu4 zong1) 李恆 li3 heng2 821-824 Changqing (長慶 chang2 qing4) 821-824
Jing Zong (敬宗 jing4 zong1) 李湛 li3 zhan4 824-826 Baoli (寶曆 bao3 li4) 824-826
Wen Zong (文宗 wen2 zong1) 李昂 li3 ang2 826-840 Baoli (寶曆 bao3 li4) 826

Dahe (大和 da4 he2) or Taihe (tai4 he2 太和) 827-835
Kaicheng (開成 kai1 cheng2) 836-840
Wu Zong (武宗 wu3 zong1) 李炎 li3 yan2 840-846 Huichang (會昌 hui4 chang1) 841-846
Xuan Zong (宣宗 xuan1 zong1) 李忱 li3 chen2 846-859 Dachong (大中 da4 chong1) 847-859
Yi Zong (懿宗 yi4 zong1) 李漼 li3 cui3 859-873 Dachong (大中 da4 chong1) 859

Xiantong (咸通 xian2 tong1) 860-873
Xi Zong (僖宗 xi1 zong1) 李儇 li3 xuan1 873-888 Xiantong (咸通 xian2 tong1) 873-874

Qianfu (乾符 qian2 fu2) 874-879
Guangming (廣明 guang3 ming2) 880-881
Zhonghe (中和 zhong1 he2) 881-885
Guangqi (光啟 guang1 qi3) 885-888
Wende (文德 wen2 de2) 888
Zhao Zong (昭宗 zhao1 zong1) 李曄 li3 ye4 888-904 Longji (龍紀 long2 ji4) 889

Dashun (大順 da4 shun4) 890-891
Jingfu (景福 jing3 fu2) 892-893
Qianning (乾寧 qian2 ning2) 894-898
Guanghua (光化 guang1 hua4) 898-901
Tianfu (天復 tian1 fu4) 901-904
Tianyou (天佑 tian1 you4) 904
Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 di4) or 昭宣帝 zhao1 xuan1 di4 see note below 李柷 li3 zhu4 904-907 Tianyou (天佑 tian1 you4) 904-907

Shao Di (少帝 shao4 di4), Ai Di (哀帝 ai1 di4) and 昭宣帝 zhao1 xuan1 di4 are posthumous names. A new column for only three commonly used posthumous names was not be created since other Tang emperors are commonly referred using temple names.

Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms

Sovereigns in Period of Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms 907-960
Temple Names ( Miao Hao 廟號 miao4 hao4) Posthumous Names ( Shi Hao 諡號 ) Personal Names Period of Reigns Era Names (Nian Hao 年號) and their corresponding range of years
the Five Dynasties
Convention: name of dynasty + temple name or posthumous name
Hou (Later) Liang Dynasty 907-923
太祖 tai4 zu3 Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign Zhu Wen|朱溫 zhu1 wen1 907-912 Kaiping (開平 kai1 ping2) 907-911

Qianhua (乾化 qian2 hua4) 911-912
Did not exist 末帝 mo4 di4 Zhu Zhen|朱瑱 zhu1 zhen4 913-923 Qianhua (乾化 qian2 hua4) 913-915

Zhenming (貞明 zhen1 ming2) 915-921 Longde (龍德 long2 de2) 921-923
Hou (Later) Tang Dynasty 923-936
莊宗 zhuang1 zong1 Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign 李存勗 li3 cun2 xu4 923-926 Tongguang (同光 tong2 guang1) 923-926
明宗 ming2 zong1 Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign 李嗣源 li3 si4 yuan2 or Li Dan|李亶 li3 dan3 926-933 Tiancheng (天成 tian1 cheng2) 926-930

Changxing (長興 chang2 xing1) 930-933
Did not exist 節閔帝 min3 di4 李從厚 li3 cong2 hou4 933-934 Yingshun (應順 ying4 shun4) 913-915
Did not exist 末帝 mo4 di4 李從珂 li3 cong2 ke1 934-936 Qingtai (清泰 qing1 tai4) 934-936
Hou (Later) Jin Dynasty 936-947
高祖 gao1 zu3 Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign 石敬瑭 shi4 jing4 tang2 936-942 Tianfu (天福 tian1 fu2) 936-942
Did not exist 出帝 chu1 di4 石重貴 shi4 chong2 gui4 942-947 Tianfu (天福 tian1 fu2) 942-944

Kaiyun (開運 kai1 yun4) 944-947
Hou (Later) Han Dynasty 947-950
高祖 gao1 zu3 Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign 劉知遠 liu3 zhi1 yuan3 947-948 Tianfu (天福 tian1 fu2) 947

Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 948
Did not exist 隱帝 yin3 di4 劉承祐 liu3 cheng2 you4 948-950 Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 948-950
Hou (Later) Zhou Dynasty 951-960
太祖 tai4 zu3 Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign 郭威 guo1 wei1 951-954 Guangshun (廣順 guang3 shun4) 951-954

Xiande (顯德 xian3 de2) 954
Shi Zong (世宗 shi4 zong1) Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign 柴榮 chai2 rong2 954-959 Xiande (顯德 xian3 de2) 954-959
Did not exist 恭帝 gong1 di4 柴宗訓 chai2 zong1 xun4 959-960 Xiande (顯德 xian3 de2) 959-960
the Ten Kingdoms
Convention: use personal names, noticed otherwise
Wu Yue Kingdom 904-978
太祖 tai4 zu3 武肅王 wu3 su4 wang2 錢鏐 qian2 liu2 904-932 Tianbao (天寶 tian1 bao3) 908-923

Baoda (寶大 bao3 da4) 923-925
Baozheng (寶正 bao3 zheng4) 925-932
Shi Zong (世宗 shi4 zong1) 文穆王 wen2 mu4 wang2 錢元瓘 qian2 yuan2 guan4 932-941 Did not exist
Cheng Zong 成宗 cheng2 zong1) 忠獻王 zhong1 xian4 wang2 錢佐 qian2 zuo3 941-947 Did not exist
Did not exist 忠遜王 zhong1 xun4 wang2 錢倧 qian2 zong1 947 Did not exist
Did not exist 忠懿王 zhong1 yi4 wang2 錢俶 qian2 chu4 947-978 Did not exist
Min Kingdom 909-945 including Yin Kingdom 943-945
太祖 tai4 zu3 忠懿王 zhong1 yi4 wang2 王審知 wang2 shen3 zhi1 909-925 Did not exist
Did not exist Did not exist 王延翰 wang2 yan2 han4 925-926 Did not exist
Tai Zong (太宗 tai4 zong1) Hui Di (惠帝 hui4 di4) 王延鈞 wang2 yan2 jun1 926-935 Longqi (龍啟 long2 qi3) 933-935

Yonghe (永和 yong3 he2) 935
Kang Zong (康宗 kang1 zong1) Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign 王繼鵬 wang2 ji4 peng2 935-939 Tongwen (通文 tong1 wen2) 936-939
Jing Zong (景宗 jing3 zong1) Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign 王延羲 wang2 yan2 xi1 939-944 Yonglong (永隆 yong3 long2) 939-944
Did not exist Tian De Di (天德帝 tian1 de2 di4) (as Emperor of Yin) 王延政 wang2 yan2 zheng4 943-945 Tiande (天德 tian1 de2) 943-945
Jing Nan or Nan Ping Kingdom 906-963
Did not exist 武信王 wu3 xin4 wang2 高季興 gao1 ji4 xing1 909-928 Did not exist
Did not exist 文獻王 wen2 xin4 wang2 高從誨 gao1 cong2 hui4 928-948 Did not exist
Did not exist 貞懿王 yi4 wang2 高寶融 gao1 bao3 rong2 948-960 Did not exist
Did not exist 侍中 shi4 zhong1 高寶勗 gao1 bao3 xu4 960-962 Did not exist
Did not exist Did not exist 高繼沖 gao1 ji4 chong1 962-963 Did not exist
Chu Kingdom 897-951
Did not exist 武穆王 wu3 mo4 wang2 馬殷 ma3 yin1 897-930 Did not exist
Did not exist 衡陽王 heng2 yang2 wang2 馬希聲 ma3 xi1 sheng1 930-932 Did not exist
Did not exist 文昭王 wen2 zhao1 wang2 馬希範 ma3 xi1 fan4 932-947 Did not exist
Did not exist 廢王 fei4 wang2 馬希廣 ma3 xi1 guang3 947-950 Did not exist
Did not exist 恭孝王 gong1 xiao4 wang2 馬希萼 ma3 xi1 e4 950 Did not exist
Did not exist Did not exist 馬希崇 ma3 xi1 chong2 950-951 Did not exist
Wu Kingdom 904-937
太祖 tai4 zu3 孝武帝 xiao4 wu3 di4 楊行密 yang2 xing2 mi4 904-905 Tianyao (天祐 tian1 you4) 904-905
烈宗 lie4 zong1 景帝 jing3 di4 楊渥 yang2 wo4 905-908 Tianyao (天祐 tian1 you4) 905-908
高祖 gao1 zu3 宣帝 xuan1 di4 楊隆演 yang2 long2 yan3 908-921 Tianyao (天祐 tian1 you4) 908-919

Wuyi (武義 wu3 yi4) 919-921
Did not exist 睿帝 rui4 di4 楊溥 yang2 pu3 921-937 Shunyi (順義 shun4 yi4) 921-927

Qianzhen (乾貞 qian2 zhen1) 927-929
Dahe (大和 da4 he2) 929-935
Tianzuo (天祚 tian1 zuo4) 935-937
Nan (Southern) Tang Kingdom 937-975
Convention for this kingdom only : Nan (Southern) Tang + posthumous names. Hou Zhu was referred to as Li Hou Zhu|李後主 li3 hou4 zhu3.
先主 xian1 zhu3 or Lie Zu|烈祖 lie4 zu3 Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign 李 (曰 on top of 弁) li3 bian4 937-943 Shengyuan (昇元 sheng1 yuan2) 937-943
中主 zhong1 zhu3 or Yuan Zong|元宗 yuan2 zong1 Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign 李璟 li3 jing3 943-961 Baoda (保大 bao3 da4) 943-958

Jiaotai (交泰 jiao1 tai4) 958
Zhongxing (中興 zhong1 xing1) 958
Hou Zhu|後主 hou4 zhu3 武王 wu3 wang2 李煜 li3 yu4 961-975 Did not exist
Nan (Southern) Han Kingdom 917-971
高祖 gao1 zu3 天皇大帝 tian1 huang2 da4 di4 劉巖 liu3 yan2 or Liu Yan|劉 (龍 on top of 天) liu3 yan3 917-925 Qianheng (乾亨 qian2 heng1) 917-925

Bailong (白龍 bai2 long2) 925-928
Dayou (大有 da4 you3) 928-941
Did not exist 殤帝 shang1 di4 劉玢 liu3 fen1 941-943 Guangtian (光天 guag1 tian1) 941-943
中宗 zhong1 zong1 Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign 劉晟 liu3 cheng2 943-958 Yingqian (應乾 ying4 qian2) 943

Qianhe (乾和 qian4 he2) 943-958
後主 hou4 zhu3 Did not exist 劉鋹 liu3 chang3 958-971 Dabao (大寶 da4 bao3) 958-971
Bei (Northern) Han Kingdom 951-979
世祖 shi4 zu3 神武帝 shen2 wu3 di4 劉旻 liu3 min2 951-954 Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 951-954
睿宗 rui4 zong1 孝和帝 xiao4 he2 di4 劉承鈞 liu3 cheng2 jun1 954-970 Qianyou (乾祐 qian2 you4) 954-957

Tianhui (天會 tian1 hui4) 957-970
少主 shao4 zhu3 Did not exist 劉繼恩 liu3 ji4 en1 970 Did not exist
Did not exist
 英武帝 ying1 wu3 di4 劉繼元 liu3 ji4 yuan2 970-982 Guangyun (廣運 guang3 yun4) 970-982
Qian (Former) Shu Kingdom 907 - 925
高祖 gao1 zu3 Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign 王建 wang2 jian4 907-918 Tianfu (天復 tian1 fu4) 907

Wucheng (武成 wu3 cheng22) 908-910
Yongping (永平 yong3 ping2) 911-915
Tongzheng (通正 tong1 zheng4) 916
Tianhan (天漢 tian1 han4) 917
Guangtian (光天 guang1 tian1) 918
後主 hou4 zhu3 Did not exist 王衍 wang2 yan3 918-925 Qiande (乾德 qian2 de2) 918-925

Xiankang (咸康 xian2 kang1) 925
Hou (Later) Shu Kingdom 934 - 965
高祖 gao1 zu3 Too tedious thus not used when referring to this sovereign 孟知祥 meng4 zhi1 xiang2 934 Mingde (明德 ming2 de2) 934
後主 hou4 zhu3 Did not exist 孟昶 meng4 chang3 938-965 Mingde (明德 ming2 de2) 934-938

Guangzheng (廣政 guang3 zheng4) 938-965

Independent Regimes during Ten Kingdoms

local independent regimes during Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period but traditionally not counted in the Ten Kingdoms
Name of Posts Personal Names Period on post
Captaincy General of Wuping/Hunan (武平/湖南節度使)
Captain General of Wuping|武平節度使 wu3 ping2 jie2 du4 shi3 劉言 liu3 yan2 950-953
Captain General of Wuping|武平節度使 wu3 ping2 jie2 du4 shi3 王逵 wang2 kui2 or Wang Jin Kui|王進逵 wang2 jin4 kui2 953-956
Captain General of Hunan|湖南節度使 hu2 nan2 jie2 du4 shi3 周行逢 zhao1 xing2 feng2 956-962
Captain General of Hunan|湖南節度使 hu2 nan2 jie2 du4 shi3 周保權 zhao1 bao3 quan2 962-963
Captaincy General of Quanzhang (泉漳節度使)
Captain General of Quanzhang|泉漳都指揮使 quan2 zhang1 du1 zhi3 hui1 shi3 留從效 liu2 cong2 xiao4 945-962
Captain General of Quanzhang|泉漳留守 quan2 zhang1 liu2 shou3 留紹鎡 liu2 shao4 zi1 962
Captain General of Quanzhang|泉