Richard of Dover
Archbishop of Canterbury
Consecration	7 April 1174
Enthroned	unknown
Ended	16 February 1184
Predecessor	Thomas Becket
Successor	Baldwin of Exeter
Birth name	Richard
Died	16 February 1184 Halling, Kent
Buried	Canterbury Cathedral

Richard (died 1184) was a medieval Benedictine monk and Archbishop of Canterbury. Employed by Thomas Becket immediately before Becket's death, Richard arranged for Becket to be buried in Canterbury Cathedral and eventually succeeded Becket at Canterbury in a contentious election. Much of Richard's time as archbishop was spent in a dispute with Roger, archbishop of York over the primacy of England, and with St Augustine's Abbey in Canterbury over the archbishops jurisdiction over the abbey. Richard enjoyed better relations with King Henry II of England than Becket had, and was employed by the king on diplomatic affairs. Richard also enjoyed the trust of the papacy, and served as a judge for the papacy. Several of his questions to Pope Alexander III were collected into the Decretals, a collection of ecclesiastical laws, and his patronage of canon lawyers did much to advance the study of canon law in England.

Early life

A stained glass window depicting the murder of Thomas Becket, in Canterbury Cathedral.

Richard was born in Normandy and became a monk at Canterbury,^[1] and a chaplain to Archbishop Theobald.^[2][3] At some point, he received an education, but it is not known where or who he studied with. The first notice of him in history is as a monk at Christ Church.^[3] He was a colleague of Thomas Becket while they both worked for Theobald. In 1157 he was appointed prior of St. Martin's priory in Dover. St. Martin's was a Benedictine priory and a dependent house of Christ Church Cathedral Priory in Canterbury, the cathedral chapter of the archbishops of Canterbury.^[1] Right before Becket's death Richard was employed by Becket to meet with Henry the Young King, but was unsuccessful in his attempts to meet with Henry.^[4] After Becket's death, Richard took charge of Becket's body, and arranged for an immediate burial in Canterbury Cathedral.^[5]

Archbishop

In 1173, more than two years after the murder of Becket, King Henry II of England decided to fill the vacant archbishopric of Canterbury; there were two candidates: Richard, and Odo, prior of Canterbury. On 3 June 1173^[6] Previously, Roger, the abbot of Bec Abbey, had been elected, but refused the office.^[7] Richard was chosen, although the monks preferred Odo. Both sides appealed to Rome, and Richard journeyed to Rome with Reginald fitz Jocelin, who had recently been elected Bishop of Bath, to rebut the charges of simony, illegitimate birth, and swearing an oath to the king that had been raised. After hearing the charges, they were dismissed and the election was ratified on 2 April 1174 and on 7 April 1174 the new archbishop was consecrated at Anagni by Pope Alexander III.^[3] Richard returned to England at the close of the year bearing his pallium which he had received directly from the pope.^[8] He was also granted legatine powers by Pope Alexander III.^[9]

King Henry II of England, from a medieval manuscript

Richard clashed with Roger, archbishop of York, over the respective rights of the two sees throughout his time as archbishop. In 1175, at a council held in London, there was a fight between their supporters. King Henry II managed to secure a truce for five years between the two archbishops but Richard was soon embroiled in another dispute. This one was with Roger, abbot of St Augustine's Abbey in Canterbury and revolved around whether or not the abbey depended directly on the pope or if the archbishop had jurisdictional rights over the abbey. In the end, the papacy arranged a settlement that left the abbey dependent on the pope direct, but gave the archbishop spiritual authority over the churches of the Isle of Thanet, which had previously been held by the abbey.^[10]

Richard's time as archbishop was much less stormy than Becket's had been, and he seems to have enjoyed better relations with the king. Richard attended the royal councils, and more than once was with the king in Normandy. Richard was less dogmatic on the rights of the clergy than his great predecessor had been; but his compromises were regarded by the monastic writers and the followers of Becket as a sign of weakness.^[11] Pope Alexander III took Richard to task when Richard acquiesced in the election of bishops taking place in the royal chapel.^[12] As part of his diplomatic efforts on the king's behalf, Richard escorted Henry's daughter Joan to Provence on her journey in 1176 to marry King William II of Sicily. Richard also spent part of 1177 in Flanders on diplomatic business for King Henry.^[3]

Patronage, death and legacy

Richard attracted canon lawyers to his household, including Gerard la Pucelle, Peter of Blois, and Henry Pium of Northampton, all of whom advised him on legal matters. At the Council of Westminster that Richard convened in May 1175, nineteen canons were put forth, dealing with clerical marriage, the oversupply of ordained clergy, the behaviour of the clergy and their dress and tonsure, and simony. Another canon dealt with clandestine marriages and regulated child marriages. He was also heavily involved with trying judicial cases, both in the actual judgment as well as in the execution of judgments made by others. Four of his questions to Alexander III entered the Decretals and the other collections of canon law of the 13th century.^[3]

Richard died at Halling, Kent^[3] on 16 February 1184^[6] of colic and was buried in his cathedral.^[3] A. L. Poole, the historian, felt that Richard was a "feeble and ineffective person."^[13] Frank Barlow, another historian, calls him a "blameless mediocrity".^[14] Richard of Ilchester, a fellow bishop, held that it was Richard of Dover's defects that prevented the English Church from profiting more from Becket's martyrdom.^[13] However, Richard did much to promote the use of canon law throughout England.^[15] Richard was also active in using his legatine powers to interfere in monastic affairs, deposing the abbot of Peterborough Abbey in 1175 and threatening to visit other monastic houses that were exempt from episcopal interference in order to regulate the monastic affairs.^[16] On a more domestic note, Richard was held to have been an able steward of the estates of Canterbury, very much interested in increasing production.^[17] He was held to be a pious and gentle man.^[18]

Notes

References

• Barber, Richard (1993). Henry Plantagenet 1133-1189. New York: Barnes & Noble. ISBN 1-56619-363-X. OCLC 30082885. 
• Barlow, Frank (1988). The Feudal Kingdom of England 1042-1216, Fourth Edition, New York: Longman. ISBN 0-582-49504-0. OCLC 16578834. 
• Barlow, Frank (1986). Thomas Becket. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-07175-1. OCLC 13456532. 
• Bartlett, Robert C. (2000). England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings: 1075-1225. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-822741-8. OCLC 173856018. 
• DuBoulay, F. R. H. (1966). The Lordship of Canterbury: An Essay on Medieval Society. New York: Barnes & Noble. 
• Duggan, Charles (1965). "From the Conquest to the Death of John". The English Church and the Papacy in the Middle Ages (Reprint edition 1999). Sutton Publishing. p. 63-116. ISBN 0-7509-1947-7. 
• Duggan, Charles (2004). "Richard (d. 1184) (subscription required)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. Retrieved on 2007-11-8. 
• Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I. (1996). Handbook of British Chronology, Third Edition, revised, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X. OCLC 183920684. 
• Knowles, David (1976). The Monastic Order in England: A History of its Development from the Times of St. Dunstan to the Fourth Lateran Council, 940-1216, Second Edition, reprint, Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-05479-6. OCLC 156898145. 
• Poole, Austin Lane (1955). From Domesday Book to Magna Carta, 1087-1216, Second Edition, Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-19-821707-2. OCLC 233685139. 
• Spear, David S. (1982). "The Norman Empire and the Secular Clergy, 1066-1204" (fee required). Journal of British Studies XXI (2): 1–10. doi:10.1086/385787. Retrieved on 2008-01-28. 
• Warren, W. L. (1973). Henry II. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03494-5. OCLC 4274479.