A personal union is a relationship of two or more entities that are considered separate, sovereign states, which, through established law, share the same person as their respective head of state.^[1] It is not to be confused with a federation, which internationally is considered as a single state. It is not to be confused either with dynastic union, where the union can be under a dynasty.

Personal unions can arise for very different reasons, ranging from near coincidence (a princess who is already married to a king becomes queen regnant, and their child inherits the crown of both countries) to virtual annexation (where a personal union sometimes was seen as a means of preventing uprisings). They can also be codified (i.e. the constitutions of the states clearly express that they shall share the same person as head of state) or non-codified, in which case they can easily be broken (e.g. by different succession rules).

Because presidents of republics are ordinarily chosen from within the citizens of the state in question, personal unions are almost entirely a phenomenon of monarchies, and sometimes the term dual monarchy is used to signify a personal union between two monarchies. With the decline of monarchies during the 20th century, personal unions have become quite uncommon. Where they do exist is most notably between the Commonwealth realms^[2][3], where, beyond the United Kingdom, the Governor-General is the vice-regal representative of the Monarch.

There is a somewhat grey area between personal unions and federations, and the first has regularly grown into the second. This article is an attempt at listing some historical and contemporary personal unions.

Andorra

• Partial personal union with France since 1607 (the French president, and formerly the king of France, is one of the Heads of State in Andorra, the other co-head of state is the Bishop of La Seu d'Urgell, Catalonia, Spain.)

Aragon, Crown of

On 1162 Alfonso II of Aragon was the first person to bear the titles of King of Aragon and Count of Barcelona, ruling what was called later Crown of Aragon.

Bohemia

• Personal union with Poland 1003 - 1004 (Bohemia occupied by Poles)
• Personal union with Poland 1300 - 1306 and Hungary 1301 - 1305 (Wenceslas II and Wenceslas III)
• Personal union with Luxembourg 1313 - 1378 and 1383 - 1388
• Personal union with Hungary 1419-1439 (Sigismund of Luxemburg and his son in law) and 1490 - 1526 (Jagellon dynasty)
• Personal union with Austria and Hungary 1526 - 1918 (except years 1619 - 1620)

Brandenburg

• Personal union with the Duchy of Prussia from 1618, when Albert Frederick, Duke of Prussia died without male heirs and his son in law John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg became ruler of both countries. Brandenburg and Prussia maintained separate governments and seats of power in Berlin and Königsberg respectively until 1701, when Frederick William I consolidated them into one government.

Commonwealth realms (current and former)

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The assumption is made in this section that each of Commonwealth realms came into personal union^[4][5][6][7] at the time they were given complete freedom to legislate for themselves.

Other possible dates that personal union could claim to have come about are:

• when colonies were granted Dominion status: Canada in 1867, Australia in 1901, New Zealand in 1907, South Africa in 1910
• when the Governor became a Governor-General: as above for all except New Zealand (1917)
• through international recognition, signing the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 and thus becoming founding members of League of Nations, the predecessor to the United Nations
• informally, as a result of the Balfour Declaration 1926
• implicitly, as a result of the Royal and Parliamentary Titles Act 1927
• when a High Commissioner was appointed to represent the British Government instead of the Governor or Governor-General[1]: Canada 1928, South Africa 1930, Australia 1931-6, New Zealand 1939, Irish Free State 1939. It appears that the Governor-General of the Irish Free State stopped representing the British government in 1928 but that an alternative official was not appointed until 1939.
• with the Statute of Westminster 1931
• when it was inadvertently demonstrated by the Irish Free State that succession laws could be different in each dominion (the abdication of Edward VIII, 1936)
• when a country gained both the power to make laws with extraterritorial effect and the power to change their constitution (this is the assumption used below): South Africa and the Irish Free State with the Statute of Westminster, New Zealand in 1947, Canada in 1982, Australia in 1986
• when the power of the Parliament of the United Kingdom to make laws for the Commonwealth realm in question was removed: Canada in 1982, Australia in 1986, New Zealand in 1986
• when the right of appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council was removed: Canada in 1949, Australia in 1986, New Zealand (but not the Cook Islands, Niue or Tokelau) in 2004

Antigua and Barbuda

• Since 1981 upon obtaining independence as a Commonwealth realm. In personal union sharing Queen Elizabeth II as head of state with other Commonwealth realms (formerly known as dominions).

Australia

• Since 1941, upon the ratification of the Statute of Westminster in 1942 - which ended the British Parliament's ability to legislate for Australia. The Australia Act of 1986, amongst other things, removed the Privy Council as the last court of Appeal in the Australian Judicial System. Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom serves, independently, as Queen of Australia, through her Vice-Regal Representative, the Governor-General, nominated by the Prime Minister.

Bahamas

• Since 1973 upon independence from the United Kingdom as a Commonwealth realm. In personal union sharing Queen Elizabeth II as head of state with 15 other current Commonwealth realms.

Barbados

• Since 1966 upon independence from the United Kingdom as a Commonwealth realm. In personal union sharing Queen Elizabeth II as head of state with 15 other current Commonwealth realms.

Belize

• Since 1981 upon independence from the United Kingdom as a Commonwealth realm. In personal union sharing Queen Elizabeth II as head of state with 15 other current Commonwealth realms.

Canada

• Since 1982 upon the British parliament's passage of the Canada Act 1982 which ended its role in passing Canadian constitutional amendments, Canada shares Elizabeth II as sovereign with 15 other current Commonwealth realms.

Ceylon

• (now Sri Lanka) as a Commonwealth realm from 1948–1972 (when it became a republic).

Fiji

• As a Commonwealth realm from 1970–1987 (independence to military coup).

Gambia

• As a Commonwealth realm from 1965–1970 (independence to republic).

Ghana

• As a Commonwealth realm from 1957–1960 (independence to republic).

Grenada

• Since 1974 upon independence from the United Kingdom as a Commonwealth realm. In personal union sharing Queen Elizabeth II as head of state with 15 other current Commonwealth realms.

Guyana

• As a Commonwealth realm from 1966–1970 (independence to republic).

India

• As a Commonwealth realm from 1947-1950 (independence to republic).

Ireland

• Personal union with the Kingdom of England from 1541, when the Irish Parliament proclaimed King Henry VIII of England to be also King of Ireland, to 1707 when the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of Scotland both united by the Treaty of Union and were replaced by the Kingdom of Great Britain.
• Personal union with the Kingdom of Scotland from 1603, when King James VI of Scotland became King of England and King of Ireland to 1707, when the kingdom of England and the kingdom of Scotland united and were replaced by the Kingdom of Great Britain.
• Personal union with the Kingdom of Great Britain from 1707 to 1800 when the two kingdoms were merged into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
• Personal union with Hanover from 1714 to 1800.
• As a Commonwealth realm from 1922-1936/1949, when it became a republic (see Irish head of state from 1936-1949).

Jamaica

• Since 1962 upon independence from the United Kingdom as a Commonwealth realm. In personal union sharing Queen Elizabeth II as head of state with 15 other current Commonwealth realms.

Kenya

• As a Commonwealth realm from 1963–1964 (independence to republic).

Malawi

• As a Commonwealth realm from 1964–1966 (independence to republic).

Malta

• As a Commonwealth realm from 1964–1974 (independence to republic).

Mauritius

• As a Commonwealth realm from 1968–1992 (independence to republic).

New Zealand

• Since 1947 upon adoption of The New Zealand Constitution (Amendment) Act 1947. In personal union sharing Queen Elizabeth II as head of state with 15 other current Commonwealth realms.

Nigeria

• As a Commonwealth realm from 1960–1963 (independence to republic).

Pakistan

• Commonwealth realm from 1947–1956 (independence from British India to republic).

Papua New Guinea

• Since 1975 upon independence from Australia as a Commonwealth realm. In personal union sharing Queen Elizabeth II as head of state with 15 other current Commonwealth realms.

Saint Kitts and Nevis

• Since 1983, upon independence from the United Kingdom as a Commonwealth realm. In personal union sharing Queen Elizabeth II as head of state with 15 other current Commonwealth realms.

Saint Lucia

• Since 1979 upon independence from the United Kingdom as a Commonwealth realm. In personal union sharing Queen Elizabeth II as head of state with 15 other current Commonwealth realms.

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

• Since 1979 upon independence from the United Kingdom as a Commonwealth realm. In personal union sharing Queen Elizabeth II as head of state with 15 other current Commonwealth realms.

Sierra Leone

• As a Commonwealth realm from 1961–1971 (independence to republic).

Solomon Islands

• Since 1978 upon independence from the United Kingdom as a Commonwealth realm. In personal union sharing Queen Elizabeth II as head of state with 15 other current Commonwealth realms.

South Africa

• As a Commonwealth realm from 1931-1961 (adoption of Statute of Westminster to republic).

Tanganyika

• (now part of Tanzania) Commonwealth realm from 1961–1962 (independence to republic).

Trinidad and Tobago

• Commonwealth realm from 1962–1976 (independence to republic).

Tuvalu

• Since 1978, through independence from the United Kingdom as a Commonwealth realm. In personal union sharing Queen Elizabeth II as head of state with 15 other current Commonwealth realms.

Uganda

• Commonwealth realm from 1962–1963 (independence to republic).

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

• In personal union sharing Queen Elizabeth II as head of state with 15 other current Commonwealth realms.

Congo Free State

• Personal union with Belgium from 1885 to 1908, when it became a Belgian colony.

Croatia

• Personal union with Hungary from 1102 to 1300 and 1307 to 1526
• Personal union with Austria from 1527 to 1918

Denmark

• Harthacanute ruled both Denmark and England from 1040 to 1042
• Personal union with Norway from 1380 to 1814 (the Norwegian Riksråd was abolished in 1536)
• The Kalmar Union with Norway and Sweden from 1389 to 1521 (sometimes defunct)
• The kings of Denmark at the same time being dukes of Schleswig and Holstein 1460-1864 (Holstein being part of the Holy Roman Empire, now part of Germany)
• Personal union with Iceland from 1918 to 1944 when Iceland became a republic

England

• Harthacanute ruled both England and Denmark from 1040 to 1042
• Personal union with Ireland from 1541 (when Ireland was raised to the level of a kingdom) to 1707
• Personal union with Scotland from 1603 to 1707 (when they were joined together in the Kingdom of Great Britain)
• Personal union with the Netherlands from 1689 to 1702, with the Dutch Stadtholder also serving as the King of England, Scotland and Ireland. The actual situation was slightly more complex with the Dutch provinces Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland and Overijssel entering into personal union in 1689 and Drenthe in 1696. Only 2 Dutch provinces never entered into the personal union: Friesland and Groningen.

Finland

• The status of the Grand Duchy of Finland, ruled from 1809 to 1917 by the Czar of Russia as the Grand Duke of Finland, closely resembled a personal union and is often described as such by Finns.^{citation needed} In accordance with the Treaty of Fredrikshamn Finland was legally a part of the Russian Empire that was granted autonomy at the sufferance of the Czar; the autonomous status was temporarily repealed later on.

France

• Personal union with the Duchy of Burgundy from 1361, when John II of France succeeded to the Duchy, until 1363, when he passed it to his son Philip the Bold.
• Personal union with the Duchy of Brittany from 1491, when Duchess Anne of Brittany married King Charles VIII of France under duress, to 1532 when the Duchy of Brittany was formally annexed to the Kingdom of France.
• Personal union with the Kingdom of Navarre from 1589 to 1620, when Navarre was formally integrated into France.
• Partial personal union with Andorra since 1607 (the French president is one of the Heads of State in Andorra)

Note: The point at issue in the War of the Spanish Succession was the fear that the succession to the Spanish throne dictated by Spanish law, which would devolve on Louis, le Grand dauphin — already heir to the throne of France — would create a personal union that would upset the European balance of power (France had the most powerful military in Europe at the time, and Spain the largest empire).

Great Britain

• Personal union with Ireland from creation in 1707 to abolition in 1801 (when they were joined together in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland)
• Personal union with Hanover from the accession of George I in 1714 to abolition in 1801

Hanover

• Personal union with Great Britain and Ireland from 1714 to 1801
• Personal union with the United Kingdom from 1801 to 1837, when differing succession laws resulted in Queen Victoria ascending the British throne and her uncle Ernest Augustus that of Hanover.

Holy Roman Empire

• Personal union with Spain from 1519 to 1556 under Charles V.
• Personal union with Hungary from 1526 to 1806

Hungary

• Personal union with Croatia from 1102 to 1918.
• Personal union with Poland and Bohemia 1301 - 1305
• Personal union with Poland from 1370 to 1382 under the reign of Louis the Great. This period in Polish history is sometimes known as the Andegawen Poland. Louis inherited the Polish throne from his maternal uncle Casimir III. After Louis' death the Polish nobles (the szlachta) decided to end the personal union, since they didn't want to be governed from Hungary, and chose Louis' younger daughter Jadwiga as their new ruler, while Hungary was inherited by his elder daughter Mary. Personal union with Poland in the second time from 1440 to 1444.
• Personal union with Bohemia from 1419 to 1439 and from 1490 to 1918
• Personal union with the Holy Roman Empire from 1410 to 1439 and from 1526 to 1806 (except 1608-1612)

Iceland

• Personal union with Denmark from 1918 to 1944 when the country became a republic

Ireland

• Personal union with England from 1541 (when the Irish Parliament proclaimed King Henry VIII of England, King of Ireland) to 1707 (upon the formation of Great Britain).
• Personal union with Scotland (and England) from 1603 to 1707 (when England and Scotland were joined together in the Kingdom of Great Britain)
• Personal union with the Netherlands from 1689 to 1702, with the King of Ireland, Scotland and England also serving as Stadtholder of most of the provinces of the Netherlands. The actual situation was slightly more complex with the Dutch provinces Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland and Overijssel entering into personal union in 1689 and Drenthe in 1696. Only 2 Dutch provinces never entered into the personal union: Friesland and Groningen.
• Personal union with Great Britain from 1707 to 1801 (when they were joined together in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland).
• Personal union with Hanover from 1714 to 1801.
• Personal union with the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from 1922 to 1937/1949 (see Irish head of state from 1936-1949).

Lithuania

• Personal union with Poland from 1386 to 1569 - the Polish-Lithuanian Union. In 1569 transformed into a federation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Luxembourg

• Personal union with Bohemia 1313 - 1378 and 1383 - 1388
• Personal union with the Netherlands from 1815 to 1890

Navarre

• Personal union with France from 1589 to 1620, when Navarre was formally integrated into France.

The Netherlands

• Personal union with England, Scotland and Ireland from 1689 to 1702, with the stadtholder of most of the provinces of the Netherlands also serving as King of England, Scotland and Ireland. The actual situation was slightly more complex, as until 1795 the Dutch Republic was a confederation of nominally independent provinces. The provinces of Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland and Overijssel entered into personal union in 1689 and Drenthe followed in 1696. Two Dutch provinces never entered into the personal union: Friesland and Groningen, as they had different stadtholders from the other provinces.
• Personal union with Luxembourg from 1815 to 1890.

Norway

• Personal union with Sweden from 1319 to 1343
• Personal union with Denmark from 1380 to 1814 (the Norwegian Riksråd was abolished in 1536)
• The Kalmar Union with Denmark and Sweden from 1389 to 1521 (sometimes defunct)
• Personal union with Sweden from 1814 (when Norway declared independence from Denmark and was forced into a union with Sweden) to 1905

Poland

• Personal union with Bohemia 1300 - 1306 and Hungary 1301 - 1305 (Wenceslas II and Wenceslas III)
• Personal union with Hungary from 1370 to 1382 and 1440 to 1444 (see Hungary section above)
• Personal union with Lithuania from 1386 to 1569 known as the Polish-Lithuanian Union. In 1569 the union was transformed into a federation of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.
• Personal union with Electorate of Saxony from 1697 to 1706, 1709 to 1733, and 1734 to 1763.
• Eastern part: Personal union with Russia from 1814 to 1832, known as Congress Poland; following the suppression of an army revolt, the territory was annexed outright by Russia.

Poland-Lithuania

• Personal union with Sweden from 1592 to 1599
• Personal union with Saxony from 1697 to 1705, 1709 to 1733 and 1733 to 1763

Portugal

• Iberian Union with Spain from 1580 to 1640, under Philip II of Spain (also know as Philip I of Portugal), his son and grandson.

Romania

• Personal union between Wallachia and Transylvania from 1599 to 1600 under the rule of Michael the Brave
• Personal union between Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania from 1600 to 1601 under the rule of Michael the Brave
• Personal union between Wallachia and Moldavia from 1859 to 1862 under the rule of Alexander John Cuza

Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach

The duchies of Saxe-Weimar and Saxe-Eisenach were in personal union from 1741, when the ruling house of Saxe-Eisenach died out, until 1809, when they were merged into the single duchy of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach.

Schleswig and Holstein

Duchies with peculiar rules for succession.

• The kings of Denmark at the same time being dukes of Schleswig and Holstein 1460-1864. (Holstein being part of the Holy Roman Empire)

Scotland

• Personal union with England and Ireland from 1603 to 1707 (when England and Scotland were joined together in the Kingdom of Great Britain)
• Personal union with the Netherlands from 1689 to 1702, with the King of Scotland, England and Ireland also serving as Stadtholder of most of the provinces of the Netherlands. The actual situation was slightly more complex with the Dutch provinces Holland, Zeeland, Utrecht, Gelderland and Overijssel entering into personal union in 1689 and Drenthe in 1696. Only 2 Dutch provinces never entered into the personal union: Friesland and Groningen.

Spain

• Personal union of the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon in 1469 (marriage of the Catholic Monarchs) until 1713 (end of the Spanish Succession War).
• Personal union with the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 to 1556 under Charles I (Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor)
• Iberian Union with Portugal from 1580 to 1640, under Philip II of Spain (also know as Phillip I of Portugal), his son and grandson.

Sweden

Main article: Unions of Sweden

• Personal union with Norway from 1319 to 1343
• The Kalmar Union with Denmark and Norway from 1389 to 1521 (sometimes defunct)
• Personal union with Poland-Lithuania from 1592 to 1599
• Personal union with Norway from 1814 to 1905 (sometimes called Sweden-Norway)

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland

• Personal union with Hanover from 1801 to 1837, when differing succession laws resulted in Queen Victoria ascending the British throne and her uncle Ernest Augustus that of Hanover.

Vatican City / Holy See

• Technically speaking, the Vatican City and the Holy See form a personal union in the sense that they are two separate sovereign entities under international law and administered by separate organs, with the Pope as the head of both. For the Vatican City, it is governed by the Pope through the President of the Governorate of Vatican City appointed by him.

References

See also

• Union (disambiguation)
• Dynastic union
• Political union
• Real union
• Constituent country