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Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
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The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) (in French: Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, OCDE) is an international organisation of thirty countries that accept the principles of representative democracy and free market economy. It originated in 1948 as the Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC), led by Robert Marjolin of France, to help administer the Marshall Plan, for the reconstruction of Europe after World War II. Later, its membership was extended to non-European states, and in 1961, it was reformed into the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development by the Convention on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
The OECD's headquarters are at the Château de la Muette in Paris.
Objectives and action
The organization provides a setting in which governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers to common problems, identify good practices, and co-ordinate domestic and international policies. The mandate of the OECD is broad, covering economic, environmental, and social issues. It is a forum where peer pressure can act as a powerful incentive to improve policy and implement “soft law” — non-binding instruments that can occasionally lead to binding treaties.
Exchanges between OECD governments flow from information and analysis provided by a secretariat in Paris. The secretariat collects data, monitors trends, and analyses and forecasts economic developments. It also researches social changes or evolving patterns in trade, environment, agriculture, technology, taxation and other areas. The OECD is also known as a premium statistical agency, as it publishes highly-comparable statistics on a very wide number of subjects.
Over the past decade, the OECD has tackled a range of economic, social, and environmental issues while further deepening its engagement with business, trade unions and other representatives of civil society. Negotiations at the OECD on taxation and transfer pricing, for example, have paved the way for bilateral tax treaties around the world.
Special programs and actions
Between 1995 and 1997 the OECD designed the much disputed Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI) , which was rejected. A Swedish journalist discovered the agreement, which was until then clandestinelycitation needed negotiated. It would have disburdened foreign investments of any claims on the part of the concerned regions and countries (also of social, environmental standards).citation needed In 1976, the OECD adopted the Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises, which was rewritten and annexed by the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises in 2000.
Among other areas, the OECD has taken a role in co-ordinating international action on corruption and bribery, creating the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention, which came into effect in February 1999. It has been ratified by thirty-seven countries.[1]
The OECD has also constituted a antispam task force, which submitted a detailed report, with several quite useful background papers on spam problems in developing countries, best practices for ISPs and email marketers etc appended. It works on the information economy[2] and the future of the internet economy.[3]
It has published the OECD Environmental Outlook to 2030, that shows that tackling the key environmental problems we face today -- including climate change, biodiversity loss, water scarcity and the health impacts of pollution -- is both achievable and affordable.
PISA
- Further information: Programme for International Student Assessment
OECD publish the Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) which allow to compare education performances between countries.
Action against tax havens
- See also: FATF Blacklist
The OECD periodically releases an amended 'blacklist' of countries it considers uncooperative in the drive for transparency of tax affairs and the effective exchange of information, officially called "The List of Uncooperative Tax Havens".[4] As of August 2007, OECD has blacklisted Andorra, Liechtenstein and Monaco.[5]
Publishing
The OECD publishes books, statistics, working papers and reference materials.
Books
The OECD releases between 300 and 500 books each year. Most books are published in English and French. The OECD flagship titles include:
- The OECD Economic Outlook, published twice a year. It contains forecast and analysis of the economic situation of the OECD member countries.
- The Main Economic Indicators], published monthly. It contains a large selection of timely statistical indicators.
- The Factbook, published yearly. The Factbook contains more than 100 economic, environmental and social indicators, each presented with a clear definition, tables and graphs. It is freely accessible online.
- OECD in Figures, published yearly. A pocket-sized book full of the latest OECD statistics.
- OECD Observer, an award-winning magazine with six issues a year. News, analysis, commentaries and data on global economic, social and environmental challenges. Contains book reviews and special section listing the latest OECD books, plus ordering information.
- The OECD Communications Outlook and OECD Information Technology Outlook, which rotate every year. They contain forecasts and analysis of the communications and information technology industries in OECD member countries and non-member economies.
All OECD books are available on SourceOECD and on the OECD online bookshop.
Statistics
All OECD activities are backed-up by statistics, and given the variety of OECD activities, it is a very good source of comparable statistics. OECD statistics are available under several forms:
- As interactive databases on SourceOECD,
- As static files or dynamic database views on the OECD Statistics portal,
- and as StatLinks. In most OECD books, there is a url which links to the underlying data.
Working papers
There are 15 working papers series published by the various directorates of the OECD Secretariat. They are available on SourceOECD as well as on many specialised portals.
Reference works
The OECD is also responsible for the Model Tax Convention or the OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, two continually-updated documents which are de facto standards.
Structure
Bodies
The OECD's structure revolves around 3 major bodies.
- The OECD member countries, each represented by a delegation led by an ambassador. Together, they form the council.
- The OECD Secretariat, led by the Secretary-General (currently Angel Gurria). The Secretariat is organised in directorates. There are some 2,500 agents in the OECD Secretariat.
- The OECD committees, one for each work area of the OECD. Committee members are subject-matter experts from member and non-member countries. The committees commission all the work on each theme (publications, task forces, conferences, and so on). The committee members then relay the conclusions to their capitals.
Secretariat
The OECD Secretariat is organised in Directorates:
- Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs and Local Development
- Centre for Tax Policy and Administration
- Development Co-operation Directorate
- Directorate for Education
- Directorate for Employment, Labour and Social Affairs
- Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs
- Directorate for Science, Technology and Industry
- Economics Department
- Environment Directorate
- Public Governance and Territorial Development Directorate
- Statistics Directorate
- Trade and Agriculture Directorate
- General Secretariat
- Executive Directorate
- Public Affairs and Communication Directorate
Linked autonomous entities
- Business and Industry Advisory Committee (BIAC)
- Development Centre
- International Transport Forum - formally known as the European Conference of Ministers of Transport
- International Energy Agency
- Nuclear Energy Agency
- Sahel and West Africa Club
- Trade Union Advisory Committee (TUAC)
Committees
Representatives of the 30 OECD member countries meet in specialised committees to advance ideas and review progress in specific policy areas, such as economics, trade, science, employment, education or financial markets.
There are about 200 committees, working groups and expert groups. Some 40,000 senior officials from national administrations go to OECD committee meetings each year to request, review and contribute to work undertaken by the OECD secretariat. Once they return home, they have online access to documents and can exchange information through a special network.
Country members
OECD member states (as of 2008). Original members are in dark blue.
There are currently thirty full members; of these, 27 (marked with *) are described as high-income countries by the World Bank in 2007. The remaining members, Poland, Mexico and Turkey, are upper middle-income economies.
Relations with non-members and enlargement
Currently, 25 non-members participate as regular observers or full participants in OECD Committees. About 50 non-members are engaged in OECD working parties, schemes or programmes. The OECD conducts a policy dialogue and capacity building activities with non-members (Country Programmes, Regional Approaches and Global Forums) to share best policy practices and to bear on OECD's policy debate. The Centre for Co-operation with Non-Members(CCNM) develops and oversees the strategic orientations of the OECD’s global relations with non-members.
On 16 May 2007, the OECD Ministerial Council decided to open accession discussions with Chile, Estonia, Israel, the Russian Federation and Slovenia. It was also decided to strengthen OECD’s co-operation with Brazil, China, India, Indonesia and South Africa, through a process of enhanced engagement or as full members.[7]. The OECD will also explore the possibilities for enhanced co-operation with selected countries and regions of strategic interest to the OECD, giving priority to South East Asia with a view to identifying countries for possible membership.
History
- See also: Organization for European Economic Co-operation
The Organisation for European Economic Co-operation (OEEC) was founded in 1948 to help administer the Marshall Plan, for the reconstruction of Europe after World War II. When the Marshall Plan is reduced, OECD then developped economic studies.[8]
Later, its membership was extended to non-European states, and in 1961, it was reformed into the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development by the Convention on the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.
More than just increasing its internal structure, OECD progessively created agencies : Nuclear Energy Agency (1958), Developpement center (1961), International Energy Agency (IEA, 1974), Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering (1989).
Personnel policy
As an international organisation the terms of employment of OECD staff are not governed by the laws of the country in which their offices are located. Agreements with the host country safeguard the organisation's impartiality with regard to the host and member countries. Hiring and firing practices, working hours and environment, holiday time, pension plans, health insurance and life insurance, salaries, expatriation benefits and general conditions of employment are managed according to rules and regulations proper to the OECD. In order to maintain similar working conditions to similarly-structured organisations, the OECD participates as an independent organisation in the system of co-ordinated European organisations, whose other members include NATO, the Western European Union and the European Patent Organisation.
See also
References
External links
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