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Historical states of Italy
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Italy until the present era was a conglomeration of city-states and small independent nations. The following is a list of the various states that made up what we now know as Italy during the past. (rounded up to a year significant to Italian history in each case).
Antiquity
Middle Ages
Independent states
Main independent communes
Duchies and other entities of former Byzantine Empire appartenance
Italy in 1494. Not all minor states are shown.
Italy in the year 1494
Before the beginning of the Italian Wars
Italy in the year 1559
After the Peace of Cateau-Cambresis:
Italy in the year 1659
After the treaty of the Pirenees
Italy before Napoleonic invasion (1796).
Italy in Napoleonic times (1796).
Italy in the year 1796
Before the Napoleonic period
Italy in Napoleonic times (1796 - 1814)
After Napoleon’s invasion of Italy:
Northern Italy in January 1796
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French départments of Italy
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Italy in the year 1816
After the Congress of Vienna:
- Papal States (Pope Pius VII; lost most of its territories to Sardinia 1859-1860)
- Kingdom of Sardinia (Savoia, King Vittorio Emanuele I; ceded Savoy and Nice to France in 1860; became Kingdom of Italy 1861)
- Kingdom Lombardo-Veneto (to Austria; lost most of Lombardy to Sardinia in 1859)
- Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (Bourbon of Sicily and Naples, later Bourbon-Two-Sicilies, King Ferdinand I; incorporated into Sardinia 1860-1861)
- Grand Duchy of Tuscany (Habsburg-Lorraine, Grand Duke Ferdinand III; incorporated to Sardinia 1859)
- Duchy of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla (under Marie Louise, wife of Napoleon, for her lifetime. After her death in 1847, Parma and Piacenza devolve upon the House of Bourbon-Parma, Guastalla on the Duke of Modena; incorporated into Sardinia 1859)
- Duchy of Modena and Reggio (Austria-Este, Duke Francis IV; incorporated into Sardinia 1859)
- Duchy of Lucca (Bourbon-Parma, Duchess Marie Louise; when they return to Parma in 1847, annexed by Tuscany)
- Duchy of Massa and Carrara (annexed to the Duchy of Modena in 1829)
- Republic of San Marino
- Republic of Cospaia (to Tuscany and the Papal States in 1826)
- Trentino-Alto Adige, Gorizia and Trieste (part of the Austrian Empire)
Italy in the year 1861
After the unification
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