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De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter
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The DHC-6 Twin Otter is a 20-passenger STOL (Short Takeoff and Landing) utility aircraft developed by de Havilland Canada. It has often been called the most successful aircraft program in Canada's history. The aircraft's fixed tricycle undercarriage, STOL abilities and relatively high rate of climb have made it a successful cargo, regional passenger airliner and MEDEVAC aircraft. In addition, the Twin Otter has been popular with commercial skydiving operations.
Design and development
Development of the aircraft began in 1964, with the first flight on 20 May 1965. A twin-engined replacement for the Otter had been planned by de Havilland Canada. Twin engines not only provided improved safety but also allowed for an increase in payload while retaining the renowned STOL qualities. Design features included double slotted trailing edge flaps and ailerons that work in unison with the flaps to boost STOL performance. The availability of the 550 shp Pratt and Whitney Canada PT6A-20 propeller turbine engine in the early 1960s made the concept of a twin more feasible. To bush operators, the enhanced reliability of turboprop power and the enhanced performance of a twin-engined configuration made it an immediately popular alternative to the single engine, piston-powered Otter which had been flying since 1951.
DHC6 Super Twin Otter taking off
The first six aircraft produced were designated Series 1, indicating that they were prototype aircraft. The initial production run consisted of Series 100 aircraft, serial number seven to 115 inclusive. In 1968, Series 200 production began with serial number 116. Changes made at the beginning of Series 200 production included improving the STOL performance, adding a longer nose that was equipped with a larger baggage compartment (except to aircraft fitted with floats) and fitting a larger door to the rear baggage compartment. All Series 1, 100 and 200 aircraft and their variants (110, 210) were fitted with the 550 shaft horsepower PT6A-20 engines.
In 1969, the 300 series was introduced, beginning with serial number 231. Both aircraft performance and payload were improved by fitting more powerful PT6A-27 engines. This was a 680 hp engine that was flat-rated to 620 hp for use in the Series 300 Twin Otter. The Series 300 proved to be the most successful variant by far, with 614 Series 300 aircraft and their sub-variants (Series 310 for United Kingdom operators, Series 320 for Australian operators, etc.) sold before production ended in 1988.
Operational history
Twin Otters could be delivered directly from the factory with floats, skis or tricycle landing gear fittings, making them adaptable bush planes for remote and northern areas including Canada and the United States, specifically Alaska. Many Twin Otters still serve in the far north, but they can also be found in Africa, Australia, Antarctica and other regions where bush planes are the optimum means of travel. Their versatility and maneuverability have made them popular in areas with difficult flying environments, including Papua New Guinea. In Norway, the Twin Otter paved the way for the network of short-field airports, connecting the rural areas with the larger towns with outstanding reliability, and remained in service until 2000 on certain routes. Widerøe of Norway was, at one time, the world's largest operator of Twin Otters. During one period of its tenure in Norway, the Twin Otter fleet achieved over 96,000 cycles (takeoff, flight and landing) per year.
Twin Otters, rated for flight down to −75°C (−103°F),[1] are a staple of Antarctic transportation. Four Twin Otters are employed by the British Antarctic Survey on research and supply flights. On 24 April 24–25 2001, two Twin Otters performed the only winter flight to Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station to perform a medical evacuation.[2][3][4][5]
As of August 2006, a total of 584 Twin Otter aircraft (all variants) remain in service worldwide. Major operators include: Libyan Arab Airlines (16), Maldivian Air Taxi (17), Trans Maldivian Airways (15), Kenn Borek Air (17) and Scenic Airlines (11). Some 115 airlines operate smaller numbers of the aircraft including Yeti Airlines in Nepal and the British Airways subsidiary airline, Loganair.
Ontario's Ministry of Natural Resources is also a long-time operator of the Otter.
The Twin Otter has been popular with commercial skydiving operations. It is generally limited to carrying 22[6] jumpers (a relatively large load compared to most other aircraft in the industry); presently, the Twin Otter is used in skydiving operations in many countries. The United States Air Force operates three Twin Otters for the United States Air Force Academy's skydiving team. The cadets affectionately call the aircraft the "'Twotter."
New production
After series production ended, the remaining tooling was purchased by Viking Air of Victoria which manufactures replacement parts for all of the out of production de Havilland Canada aircraft. On 24 February 2006, Viking purchased the type certificates from Bombardier Aerospace for all the out of production de Havilland DHC-1 through DHC-7 aircraft.[7] The ownership of the certificates gives Viking the exclusive right to manufacture new aircraft.
On 17 July 2006, at the Farnborough Air Show, Viking Air announced its intention to offer a "Series 400" Twin Otter.[8] Restarting the production would be dependent on the ability to realize enough initial orders.
In April 2007, Viking announced that it would restart production of the Twin Otter with a more powerful PT6A-34/35 engine.[9] At the time, Viking had 27 orders and options in hand. As of November 2007, 40 firm orders and 10 options have been taken and a new assembly plant has been established in Calgary, Alberta with production tentatively scheduled to start in January 2008.[10] The parts are made in Victoria, British Columbia then shipped to Calgary, Alberta for assembly. Zimex Aviation of Switzerland will receive the first aircraft.[11]
Orders
Variants
- DHC-6 Series 100
- Twin-engined STOL utility transport aircraft, powered by two 550-shp (432-kW) Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A20 turboprop engines.
- DHC-6 Series 200
- Improved version.
- DHC-6 Series 300
- Twin-engined STOL utility transport aircraft, powered by two 620-shp (462-kW) Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-27 turboprop engines.
- DHC-6 Series 300M
- Multi-role military transport aircraft. Two of these were produced as 'proof of concept' demonstrators
- DHC-6 Series 300MR
- Maritime reconnaissance version.
- DHC-6 Series 300S
- Six demonstrator aircraft fitted with 11 seats, wing spoilers and an anti-skid braking system.
- CC-138
- Twin-engined STOL utility transport, search and rescue aircraft for the Canadian Forces.
- UV-18A
- Twin-engined STOL utility transport aircraft for the U.S. Army Alaska National Guard. Six built. It has been replaced by the C-23 Sherpa in US Army service.
- UV-18B
- Parachute training aircraft for the United States Air Force Academy. The United States Air Force Academy's 98th Flying Training Squadron maintains threecitation needed UV-18s in its inventory as freefall parachuting training aircraft, and by the Academy Parachute Team, the Wings of Blue, for year-round parachuting operations.
de Havilland Twin Otter in British Airways Livery taking off from Barra Airport in summer 2004
Operators/Former Operators
Civil operators
Military operators
Accidents and incidents
- 1981 - Panamanian Air Force (FAP-205) DHC-6 Twin Otter crashed, killing all passengers and crew including General Omar Torrijos.
- 1995 - Merpati Nusantara Airlines Twin Otter crashed. [13]
- On 17 March 2000 a De Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter, registration HP-1267APP with 2 crew and 8 passengers on board crashed. The AeroPerlas Twin Otter departed Aeropuerto Marcos A. Gelabert at 08:46 for a flight of about 55 minutes to Puerto Obaldia. The aircraft disappeared some 20 minutes prior to the ETA. En route altitude was 7500 feet and weather conditions allowed VFR. At first the aircraft was thought to have been hijacked to Colombia. On March 22 however a search party aboard HP-1355 found the wreckage on a mountainside 12.5nm from Puerto Obaldia at 11:35. The wreckage was found at the 2500 feet level of a 2790 feet high mountain. All onboard were killed.
- 2006 - a DHC-6 Twin Otter Series 300 of Air São Tomé and Príncipe, crashed in Ana Chaves Bay in the north east of São Tomé Island during a training flight. There were four fatalities, and the aircraft was damaged beyond repair.[2]
- 17 November 2006 - Trigana DHC-6 Twin Otter 300 on a charter flight from Mulia to Ilaga crashed into mountainside. All 9 passengers and 3 crew members were killed.
- 2007 Air Moorea DHC-6 Twin Otter crash killed all passengers and crew.
- 2008 - June 18th, a DeHavilland C6 Twin Otter crashed upon takeoff at Barnstable Municipal Airport in the town of Hyannis on Cape Cod, Massachusetts. The pilot was killed. There were no other occupants.
- 2008 - July 1st, a DeHavillan DHC-6 Twin Otter touched a high voltage cable and crashed in a hill near the town of Cochamó, in Chile. The pilot and two passengers were killed.
Specifications (300 series)
General characteristics
- Crew: Minimum one, commonly two. (A flight attendant must be on board if there are more than 19 passengers)
- Capacity: 19 or 20 passengers
- Length: 51 ft 9 in (15.77 m)
- Wingspan: 65 ft (19.8 m)
- Height: 19 ft 6 in (5.9 m)
- Wing area: 420 ft² (39 m²)
- Empty weight: between 7,000 lb (3,363 kg) and 8,000 lb (3,628 kg)
- Max takeoff weight: 12,500 lb (5,670 kg)
- Powerplant: 2× Pratt & Whitney PT6A-27 turboprop engines, 620 hp - 680 hp (460 kW - 507 kW) each
Performance
See also
Related development
Comparable aircraft
References
Notes
Bibliography
- Hotson, Fred W. The de Havilland Canada Story. Toronto: CANAV Books, 1983. ISBN 0-07-549483-3.
- Rossiter, Sean. Otter & Twin Otter: The Universal Airplanes. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, 1998. ISBN 1-55054-637-6.
External links
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United States tri-service STOL and VTOL aircraft designations post-1962 |
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