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Events and trends
- 449 BC — Construction begins on the Temple of Hephaestus in Athens.
- 449 BC — The Twelve Tables are promulgated to the people of Rome — the first public laws of the Roman Republic.
- 449 BC — Romans revolt against the decemvirate. The decemvirs resign and the tribunate is re-established.
- 449 BC — Herodotus completes his History, which records the events concerning the Persian War.
- 448 BC — The Peace of Callias between the Delian League and Persia ends the Persian Wars.
- 448 BC — Phidias finishes a 9 meter high statue of Athena on the Acropolis.
- 447 BC — Athens begins construction of the Parthenon, at the initiative of Pericles.
- 447 BC — Battle of Coronea — The Athenians are driven out of Boeotia.
- 447 BC — Achaeus of Eretria, a Greek playwright, shows his first play.
- 445 BC — Pericles declares Thirty Years Peace between Athens and Sparta.
- 445 BC — Artaxerxes I gives Nehemiah permission to rebuild Jerusalem.
- 445 BC — The Lacus Curtius is created by a lightning strike in Rome. It is consecrated by Gaius, Mettius or Marcus Curtius.
- 443 BC — The Roman Republic creates the office of censor, initially exclusive to patricians.
- 443 BC — Foundation of the Greek colony of Thurii in Italy. Its colonists include Herodotus and Lysias.
- 442 BC — Sophocles writes Antigone.
- 441 BC — Zhou ai wang becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China but dies before the year's end, to be succeeded by Zhou si wang.
- 441 BC — Zhou si wang becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China but dies before the year's end.
- 440 BC — Famine in Rome.
- 440 BC — Zhou kao wang becomes King of the Zhou Dynasty of China.
- 440 BC — Meron determines the two points of the solstice.
- 440 BC — Democritus proposes the existence of indivisible particles, which he calls atoms.
- The metope relief, Lapith fighting a centaur, from the Doric metope on the south side of the Parthenon, is made. It is now preserved at The British Museum in London (approximate date).
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