See also: 2005 Australian incumbents, Events in Australia in 2006, 2007 Australian incumbents, incumbents around the world in 2006

Federal government

• Head of State - Queen Elizabeth II
• Governor General - Michael Jeffery

Cabinet

• Prime Minister - John Howard

• Deputy Prime Minister - Mark Vaile
• Minister for Transport and Regional Services - Mark Vaille
• Treasurer - Peter Costello
• Minister for Trade - Mark Vaile
• Minister for Foreign Affairs - Alexander Downer
• Minister for Defence - Robert Hill, then Brendan Nelson
• Minister for Finance and Administration - Nick Minchin
• Minister for Health and Ageing - Tony Abbott
• Attorney General - Philip Ruddock
• Minister for the Environment and Heritage - Ian Campbell
• Minister for Communications, Information Technology and the Arts - Helen Coonan
• Minister for Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry - Peter McGauran
• Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs - Amanda Vanstone
• Minister for Education, Science and Training - Julie Bishop
• Minister for Families, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs - Kay Patterson, then Mal Brough
• Minister for Industry, Tourism and Resources - Ian Macfarlane
• Minister for Employment and Workplace Relations - Kevin Andrews

Other Ministers

• Minister for Fisheries, Forestry and Conservation - Ian Macdonald, then Eric Abetz
• Minister for the Arts and Sport - Rod Kemp
• Minister for Human Services - Joe Hockey
• Minister for Revenue and Assistant Treasurer - Mal Brough, then Peter Dutton
• Special Minister of State - Eric Abetz, then Gary Nairn
• Minister for Justice and Customs - Chris Ellison
• Minister for Veterans' Affairs - De-Anne Kelly, then Bruce Billson
• Minister for Community Services - John Cobb
• Minister for Ageing - Julie Bishop, then Santo Santoro
• Minister for Employment Services - Fran Bailey
• Minister for Local Government, Territories and Roads - Jim Lloyd
• Minister for Vocational and Technical Education: Gary Hardgrave
• Minister for Workforce Participation: Peter Dutton

Members of Parliament

See: 41st Australian parliament

Opposition leaders

• Australian Labor Party - Kim Beazley then Kevin Rudd
• Australian Greens - Bob Brown
• Australian Democrats - Lyn Allison
• Family First - Steve Fielding

High Court justices

• Chief Justice: Anthony Murray Gleeson
• William Gummow
• Michael Kirby
• Kenneth Hayne
• Ian Callinan
• Dyson Heydon
• Susan Crennan

Other

• Speaker of the House of Representatives - David Hawker
• President of the Senate - Paul Calvert
• Chairman of the Reserve Bank of Australia - Ian Macfarlane, then Glenn Stevens
• Chief of the Australian Defence Force - Air Chief Marshal Angus Houston, AO

States

Premiers

• Premier of New South Wales - Morris Iemma
• Premier of South Australia - Mike Rann
• Premier of Queensland - Peter Beattie
• Premier of Tasmania - Paul Lennon
• Premier of Western Australia - Geoffrey Gallop
• Premier of Victoria - Steve Bracks
• Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory - Jon Stanhope
• Chief Minister of the Northern Territory - Clare Martin

Governors

• Governor of New South Wales - Marie Bashir
• Governor of South Australia - Marjorie Jackson-Nelson
• Governor of Queensland - Quentin Bryce
• Governor of Tasmania - William Cox
• Governor of Western Australia - John Sanderson, then Ken Michael
• Governor of Victoria - John Landy, then David de Kretser
• Administrator of the Northern Territory - Ted Egan

Lord Mayors

• Adelaide - Michael Harbison
• Brisbane - Campbell Newman
• Darwin - Peter Adamson
• Hobart - Rob Valentine
• Melbourne - John So
• Perth - Peter Nattrass
• Sydney - Clover Moore

Religious leaders

• Roman Catholic Church
  • Roman Catholic Bishop of Adelaide - Archbishop Philip Wilson
  • Roman Catholic Bishop of Brisbane - Archbishop John Bathersby
  • Roman Catholic Bishop of Hobart - Archbishop Adrian Doyle
  • Roman Catholic Bishop of Melbourne - Archbishop Denis Hart
  • Roman Catholic Bishop of Perth - Archbishop Barry Hickey
  • Roman Catholic Bishop of Sydney - Cardinal Archbishop George Pell
• Uniting Church in Australia
  • President of the Uniting Church in Australia - Reverend Dean Drayton
• Anglican Church of Australia
  • Primate of the Anglican Church of Australia - Archbishop Phillip Aspinall
  • Anglican Bishop of Adelaide - Archbishop Jeffrey Driver
  • Anglican Bishop of Brisbane - Archbishop Phillip Aspinall
  • Anglican Bishop of Melbourne - Archbishop Peter Watson
  • Anglican Bishop of Perth - Archbishop Roger Herft
  • Anglican Bishop of Sydney - Archbishop Peter Jensen