The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini/Common Era numbering system.
However, historians sometimes specifically define the 18th century otherwise for the purposes of their work. For example, the "short" 18th century may be defined as 1715-1789, denoting the period of time between the death of Louis XIV of France and the start of the French Revolution with an emphasis on directly interconnected events.[1][2] To historians who expand the century to include larger historical movements, the "long" 18th century may run from the Glorious Revolution of 1688 to the battle of Waterloo in 1815[3] or even later.[4]
Events
18th century painting of the Yongzheng Emperor in Costume
Significant people
- See also: Founding Fathers of the United States
- Ahmad Shah Abdali, Afghan King
- John Adams, American statesman
- Samuel Adams American statesman
- Ethan Allen, American Revolutionary Army
- Queen Anne, British monarch
- Aurangzeb, Mughal Emperor
- Catherine the Great, Russian Tsaritsa
- Charles III of Spain, Spanish monarch
- James Cook, British navigator
- Charlotte Corday, killed Jean-Paul Marat
- Georges Danton, French revolutionary leader
- Farrukhsiyar, Mughal Emperor, in India
- Benjamin Franklin, American leader, scientist and statesman
- Frederick the Great, Prussian monarch
- King George III, British monarch
- Alexander Hamilton, American statesman
- Patrick Henry, American statesman
- Thomas Jefferson, American statesman
- John Paul Jones, American naval commander
- Joseph II, Austrian Emperor
- Kangxi Emperor, China
- Marquis de Lafayette, Continental Army officer
- Alphonsus Liguori, Italian bishop, founder of Redemptorists, Saint
- Louis XV of France, French monarch
- Louis XVI of France, French monarch
- James Madison, American statesman
- Alessandro Malaspina, Spanish explorer
- Jean-Paul Marat, Influential French journalist
- Maria Theresa of Austria, Austrian Empress
- Marie Antoinette, Austrian-born Queen of France
- Michikinikwa, Miami tribe chief and war leader
- Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu, French thinker
- José Moñino y Redondo, Count of Floridablanca, Spanish statesman
- Nadir Shah, Persian King
- Thomas Paine, British intellectual
- Peter I of Russia (Peter the Great), Russian Tsar
- Philip V of Spain, Spanish monarch
- Pius VI, Roman Pope
- Marquis of Pombal, Portuguese Prime Minister
- Chief Pontiac, Ottawa warrior
- Qianlong Emperor, China
- Francis II Rákóczi, prince of Hungary and Transylvania, Revolutionary leader
- Bartolomeo Rastrelli, Italian-born Russian architect
- Paul Revere, American patriot, silversmith
- Maximilien Robespierre, French revolutionary leader
- Betsy Ross, American flag maker
- Rajaram II of Satara, Monarch of the Maratha Confederacy, in India.
- Chattrapati Shahu, Maratha Emperor, in India.
- John Small, English cricketer
- Edward "Lumpy" Stevens, English cricketer
- Alexander Suvorov, Russian military leader
- Toussaint L'Ouverture, Haitian revolutionary leader
- Túpac Amaru II, Peruvian revolutionary
- Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab, Arab Islamic theologian and founder of Wahhabism
- Robert Walpole, British Prime Minister
- George Washington, American general and first President of The United States
- John Wesley, British churchman, founder of Methodism
- Nikolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf, German religious writer and bishop
Show business and Theatre
- See also: Theatre Royal, Drury Lane, Haymarket Theatre, and Sichuan opera
- Barton Booth, actor
- Colley Cibber, actor, poet, playwright
- Thomas Doggett, actor
- David Garrick, actor
- Charles Johnson
- Charles Macklin, actor
- Chikamatsu Monzaemon, Japanese dramatist, playwright
- Anne Oldfield, actress
- Hester Santlow, actress, ballerina, dancer
- Kong Shangren, Chinese dramatist, poet
- Richard Brinsley Sheridan, playwright
- Robert Wilks, actor
- Wang Yun, Chinese playwright, poet
Musicians, composers
-
- Tomaso Albinoni, Italian composer
- Nidhu Babu, Indian and Bengali musician and composer
- Johann Sebastian Bach, German composer
- François Couperin, French composer
- Christoph Willibald Gluck, German composer
- Francesco Geminiani, Italian violinist, composer, and music theorist.
- George Frideric Handel, German-English composer
- Joseph Haydn, Austrian composer
- Kali Mirza, Bengali composer
- Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Austrian composer
- Johann Pachelbel, German composer, teacher
- François-André Danican Philidor, French composer and chess master
- Jean-Philippe Rameau, French composer
- Bharatchandra Ray, Bengali composer, musician, and poet
- Sadarang, Hindustani composer
- Domenico Scarlatti, Italian composer.
- Antonio Stradivari, Italian violin maker
- Antonio Vivaldi, Italian composer
Visual artists, painters, sculptors, printmakers
-
- Michel Benoist, French painter, architect, missionary in China
- William Blake, English artist and poet
- Edmé Bouchardon, French sculptor
- François Boucher, French painter
- Giuseppe Castiglione, Italian painter, architect, missionary in China
- Jean-Baptiste-Siméon Chardin, French painter
- John Singleton Copley, American painter
- Jacques-Louis David, French painter
- Étienne Maurice Falconet, French sculptor
- Jean-Honoré Fragonard, French painter
- Thomas Gainsborough, English painter
- Francisco de Goya, Spanish painter
- Jean-Baptiste Greuze, French painter
- Suzuki Harunobu, Japanese woodblock printer
- William Hogarth, English painter and engraver
- Jean-Baptiste Lemoyne, French sculptor, student of his father
- Jean-Louis Lemoyne, French sculptor
- Robert Le Lorrain, French sculptor
- Yuan Mei, Chinese painter, poet, essayist
- Gai Qi, Chinese painter, poet
- Sir Joshua Reynolds, British painter
- Gilbert Stuart, American painter
- Nishikawa Sukenobu, Japanese printmaker, teacher
- Giovanni Battista Tiepolo, Venetian painter
- Jiang Tingxi, Chinese artist and scholar
- Kitagawa Utamaro, Japanese printmaker and painter
- Antoine Watteau, French painter
Writers, poets
- Ueda Akinari, Japanese writer
- Pierre Beaumarchais, French writer
- Robert Burns, Scottish poet
- Giacomo Casanova, Venetian adventurer, writer and womanizer
- Liang Desheng, Chinese poet and writer
- Denis Diderot, French writer and philosopher
- Henry Fielding British novelist
- Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, German writer
- Eliza Haywood, English writer
- Wu Jingzi, Chinese writer
- Samuel Johnson, British writer and literary critic
- Sadhak Kamalakanta, Indian poet
- Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos, Spanish writer
- Pierre Choderlos de Laclos, French writer
- Yuan Mei, Chinese poet, scholar and artist
- Honoré Mirabeau, French writer and politician
- Wen Peixin, Chinese novelist and poet
- Alexander Pope, British poet
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau, French writer and philosopher
- Li Ruzhen, Chinese novelist
- Marquis de Sade, French writer and philosopher
- Ramprasad Sen, Bengali poet and singer
- Friedrich Schiller, German writer
- Christopher Smart, British poet and actor
- Charlotte Turner Smith, English writer
- Pu Songling, Chinese short story writer
- Laurence Sterne, British writer
- Jonathan Swift, Anglo-Irish satirist
- Voltaire, French writer and philosopher
- Mary Wollstonecraft, British writer and feminist
- Cao Xueqin, Chinese writer
Scientists and philosophers
- Maria Gaetana Agnesi, Italian mathematician[16]
- Jean le Rond d'Alembert, French mathematician, physicist and encyclopedist
- Laura Bassi, Italian scientist, the first European female college teacher[16]
- Jeremy Bentham, English philosopher and reformer
- George Berkeley, Irish empiricist philosopher
- Daniel Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician and physicist
- Edmund Burke, British statesman and philosopher
- Alexis Clairault, French mathematician
- Eugenio Espejo, Ecuadorian scientist
- Leonhard Euler, Swiss mathematician
- Carl Friedrich Gauss, German mathematician, physicist and astronomer
- David Hume, Scottish philosopher
- Edward Jenner, English inventor of vaccination
- Immanuel Kant, German philosopher
- Joseph Louis Lagrange, Italian-French mathematician and physicist
- Pierre Simon Laplace, French physicist and mathematician
- Antoine Lavoisier, French chemist
- John Law, Scottish economist
- Pan Lei, Chinese scholar and mathematician
- Kamo no Mabuchi, Japanese philosopher
- Adrien-Marie Legendre, French mathematician
- Carolus Linnaeus (Carl von Linné), Swedish biologist
- Mikhail Lomonosov, Russian scientist
- Motoori Norinaga, Japanese philosopher and scholar
- Joseph Priestley, dissenting minister and chemist
- John Smeaton, civil engineer and physicist
- Adam Smith, Scottish economist and philosopher
- Emanuel Swedenborg, Swedish scientist, thinker and mystic
- Antonio de Ulloa, Spanish scientist and explorer
- James Watt, Scottish scientist and inventor
- Dai Zhen, Chinese mathematician, geographer, phonologist and philosopher
Inventions, discoveries, introductions
-
References
- ^ Anderson, M. S. (1979). Historians and the Eighteenth-Century Europe, 1715–1789. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198225482.
- ^ Ribeiro, Aileen (2002). Dress in Eighteenth-Century Europe 1715-1789 (revised edition). Yale University Press. ISBN 0300091516.
- ^ Marshall, P. J. (Editor) (2001). The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume II: The Eighteenth Century (Oxford History of the British Empire). Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 0199246777. , "Introduction" by P. J. Marshall, page 1
- ^ O'Gorman, Frank (1997). The Long Eighteenth Century: British Political and Social History 1688-1832 (The Arnold History of Britain Series). A Hodder Arnold Publication. ISBN 0340567511.
- ^ War of the Spanish Succession, 1701-1714
- ^ The history of Scotland - The Act of Union 1707
- ^ Welcome to Encyclopædia Britannica's Guide to History
- ^ Usman dan Fodio (Fulani leader)
- ^ List of Wars of the Crimean Tatars
- ^ Len Milich: Anthropogenic Desertification vs ‘Natural’ Climate Trends
- ^ Saudi Arabia - The Saud Family and Wahhabi Islam
- ^ Sufism in the Caucasus
- ^ "Yellow Fever Attacks Philadelphia, 1793". EyeWitness to History. Retrieved on 2007-06-22.
- ^ Kamehameha I of Hawaii Biography
- ^ Riedel S (2005). "Edward Jenner and the history of smallpox and vaccination". Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 18 (1): 21–5. PMID 16200144.
- ^ a b Porter, Roy (Editor) (2003). The Cambridge History of Science, Volume 4: The Eighteenth Century (The Cambridge History of Science). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521572436. , "The Philosopher's Beard: Women and Gender in Science" by Londra Schiebinger, pages 184-210
Decades and years
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